07 WCDMA Handover Principal ISSUE1.0

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OWJ200106 WCDMA
Handover Principal
ISSUE 1.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 1
Why mobile systems need handover?
It is decided by the characters of
mobile system:
The mobility of UE
The mobile system is composed
by cells which the coverage ability
is limited.
Providing the continuous service
in mobile system is the basic
element in QoS.
Page 2
Upon completion of this course, you will
be able to:
The basic definitions of Handover
The algorithms of handover decision
The handover flow
The parameters of handover
Page 3
Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Page 4
The Purpose of Handover
Providing the continuous service in mobile system is
the basic element in QoS.
The load balance: sharing the resource
The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high
efficiency of using resource
Page 5
The Basic Concepts of Handover
Active Set
Monitored Set
Detected set
Event reporting
Event reporting to Periodic reporting
Periodic reporting
Radio Link (RL)
Radio Link Set (RLS)
Combination way:
maximum ratio combination
selection combination
The soft handover gain
CPICH
Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover
Page 6
The Categories of Handover
According to the signaling characters:
Soft handover (softer handover)
Hard handover
According to the properties of source cell and target cell
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-mode handover (FDD <-> TDD)
Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM/CDMA2000)
According to the purpose of handover
Based on Coverage
Based on Load (Optional)
Based on mobility of UE (Optional)
Based on Service (Optional)

Page 7
The Characters of Different Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:
Item Soft Handover Hard Handover
The numbers of RL in
active set after handover
Several One
Interruption during
handover
No Yes
The frequencies of cells Only happened in
Intra-frequency cells
Can be happened in Intra-
frequency cells or Inter-
frequency cells
Page 8
The Characters of Different Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and softer handover:
During softer handover, the uplink signaling are
combined in NodeB by maximum ratio combination, but
during soft handover they are combined in RNC by
selection combination.
Compare to later one, the maximum ration combination
can get more gain. So the performance of maximum
ration combination is better.
Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it do not
consume transport resource of Iub.
Page 9
RNC
NodeB 2 NodeB 1
Soft Handover
Page 10
RNC (WFMR)
NodeB
Softer Handover
Page 11
Hard Handover
RNC
NodeB 2 NodeB 1
Page 12
Three Steps of Handover
Measurement
Measurement control
Measurement execution and the result
processing
The measurement report
Mainly accomplished by UE
Decision
Based on Measurement
The application and distribution of resource
Mainly accomplished by RRM in RNC
Execution
The process of signaling
Support the failure drawback
Measurement control refresh
Decision
Execute
Measurement
Page 13
Questions
The differences among Soft handover, softer handover
and hard handover
Typical application scenarios
Page 14
Summary
This chapter focus on the purpose of
handovers and the categories of
handover in WCDMA.
Summary
Page 15
Page 16
2.1 Measurement control and measurement report
2.2 The basic definitions of measurement
2.3 Intra-frequency measurement event
2.4 Inter-frequency and inter-system measurement event
2.5 UE internal measurement
2.6 Compressed mode
Page 17
Measurement Control and Measurement Report
Measurement Control
Measurement Control, normal case
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Page 18
Measurement Control and Measurement Report
Measurement report
Measurement Control, normal case
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Page 19
2.6 Compressed mode
Page 20
The Basic Concepts of Measurement
The measurement values of Handover
Intra-frequency and inter-frequency: CPICH RSCPCPICH Ec/N0Path loss
Inter-frequencyCPICH RSCPCPICH Ec/N0
Inter-systemGSM Carrier RSSI BSIC Identification BSIC Reconfirmation
The reporting methods of measurement
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
The events of reporting
Intra-frequency events1A,1B,1C,1D,1F
Inter-frequency events 2D,2F,2B,2C
Inter-system events 3A,3C
Others6G,6F
Page 21
Measurement Model
Layer 1
filtering
Layer 3
filtering
Evaluation
of reporting
criteria
A
D
B C
C'
parameters parameters
Page 22
Reporting Criterion
Reporting Criterion
Decision formula: for example, 1A event :
1.Path Loss

2.Other measurement

Relative threshold, Absolute threshold, Hysteresis, Time to
trigger
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Page 23
Key Parameters
Page 24
2.6 Compressed mode
Page 25
Intra-frequency Measurement Events
All intra-frequency measurement report events are identified with 1X :
1AA primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. When the
active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;
1BA primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
1CThe primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than the
primary pilot channel in an active set;
1DThe best cell changes;
1EThe measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds the
absolute threshold
1F, The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is lower than
the absolute threshold
Page 26
2.6 Compressed mode
Page 27
Inter-frequency Measurement Events
Inter-frequency measurement events are identified with 2X
2A: The best frequency changes;
2B: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than
a certain threshold, and that of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold;
2C: The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold;
2DThe estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a
certain threshold
2E:The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is lower
than a certain threshold
2F:The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than
a certain threshold
Page 28
Inter-system Measurement Events
Inter-system measurement events are identified with 3X
3A:The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN
frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the
other system is higher than a certain threshold;
3B: The estimated quality value of the other system is lower
than a certain threshold ;
3C: The estimated quality value of the other system is higher
than a certain threshold ;
3D: The best cell in the other system changes
Page 29
2.6 Compressed mode
Page 30
UE Internal Measurement
UE Internal measurement events are identified with 6X
6G: The time difference between downlink receiving
and uplink transmission of the UE is shorter than an
absolute threshold;
6F: The time difference between downlink receiving
and uplink transmission of the UE is bigger than an
absolute threshold;
Page 31
2.6 Compressed mode
Page 32
The Purpose of Compressed mode
Purpose
Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system cell under FDD mode
Cause:
Downlink compressed:
Since one receiver only can work in one frequency, the UE has to stop
working if it is going to measure the signal from another frequency cell. To
ensure the downlink service unaffected, the remained data should be sent
in the limited time.
Uplink compressed
UE should stop the uplink transmission when the uplink working frequency
is very close to the measured frequency, for example GSM 1800/1900 is
very close to the UMTS FDD uplink working frequency.
Page 33
Compressed Mode Sketch Map
Compressed mode sketch map
One frame
(10 ms) Transmission gap available for
inter-frequency measurements
Page 34
The realization Methods of Compressed mode
Realization Methods
SF/2
Should use the replace scrambling code
Advantage: easy to handle for RNC
Disadvantage: occupied the resource of NodeB, decrease the utilizing
efficiency of OVSF, influenced the coverage and increased interference
caused by the replace scrambling code.
rate matching/puncturing
Decrease the coding redundancy
Advantage: easy to handle for RNC; the SF 4 can be used; no influence to
utilizing efficiency of OVSF
Disadvantage: limited to the property of channel coding; decreased the coding
gain
higher layer scheduling
MAC can restrict TFCS to change the downlink data rate.
Advantage: the interference is lower
Disadvantage: complicated for higher layer, only fit for non-timing data service.
Page 35
Questions
How many events are there in intra-frequency
measurement? What are they?
How many events are there in UE internal measurement?
How many events are there in inter-frequency
measurement? What are they?
Page 36
Summary
This chapter covers intra-frequency
measurement, inter-frequency
measurement, inter-system measurement
and UE internal measurement from their
definitions and application scenarios.
Summary
Page 37
Page 38
3.1 Soft Handover
3. 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Page 39
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover
Characters of Soft Handover
During handover, UE has several RLs with different cells----
active set.
The handover among different cells which are in same RLS
can be softer handover.
Soft handover:
Selection combination in uplink
Maximum combination in downlink
Softer handover
Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
Page 40
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover
Advantages
Soft handover gain:
Multi-Cell gain: Multiple irrelated soft handover branches low the required
margin for fading
Macro Diversity Combining gain: Gain for the link demodulation of the soft
handover:
Load balance: Different cells receive the signals from UE in uplink, which can
decrease the transmission power of UE. And UE receive signal from different
cells, which also can decrease the transmission power of base station.
Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong handover.
Disadvantages
More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code resource of BE
service.
Usually, the gain of downlink power is negative.
When the downlink power from different cells is not balanced, it will bring side-
effect.
Page 41
Measurement of Soft Handover
The measurement of soft handover/softer handover
Measurement valueCPICH RSCPCPICH Ec/NoPathloss
Process of MeasurementLayer 1 filter, Layer 2 filter
Reporting way
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
Event type1A1B1C1D1F
UE measures the time difference between CFN and SFN
Reporting rules: trigger condition, Relative threshold,
Absolute threshold, Hysteresis, Time to trigger
Event reporting to periodic reporting
Page 42
The Decision Algorithm of Soft Handover
Soft/softer handover decision
1A add RL into active set
1B Delete RL from active set
1Creplace cell
1Dchange best cell
Page 43
The Execution of Soft Handover
Soft handover execution
The update principal of measurement control
Configure the neighbor cells and the parameters
according to best cell
RLC mode
AM mode is used for measurement control
UM mode is used for measurement reporting
The compensation and restriction of soft handover
From event reporting to periodic reporting
Parametersthe time value for periodic reporting,
the number for reporting times
Page 44
Soft Handover Flow (add RL)
The execution of soft handover (add RL)
Page 45
Soft Handover Flow (del RL)
The execution of soft handover (del RL)
Page 46
Key Parameters
Relative threshold
Set 1A, 1B value separately
1A < 1Bwhich makes deleting RL is more difficult, and it can
avoid ping-pong handover
Usually 1A: 3dB; 1B: 6dB
Time to trigger
Each event can be set separately
Usually, 1B>1Awhich makes deleting RL is more difficult,
and it can avoid ping-pong handover
Usually, 1A: 320ms, 1B: 640ms
Layer 3 filter coefficient
Only one value for all intra-frequency measurement
Sensitive to the delay of event trigger and ping-pong handover
Usually3
absolute threshold of soft handover
Page 47
3.1 Soft Handover
Page 48
The Characters of Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Characters
UE only has one RL with one cell in the process of handover
Disconnect UE with the original cell, then hand it over to target cell
The working frequency of source cell and target cell are same
Advantages
Enhance the using efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware resource
Disadvantages
High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency interference
Application scenarios
Without Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface jam (only
happened in inter-RNC handover)
The different strategies can be used for different conditions, such as
code resource condition, the QoS condition and so no.
Page 49
The Measurement, Decision and Execution of Intra-
frequency Hard Handover
Measurement
Similar to soft handover
Decision
1D event
Execution
UE reports CFN-SFN information
Synchronization hard handover
Use the original DOFF value
Continuous CFN
UE does not report CFN-SFN information
The hard handover based on timing
Re-configure DOFF
Calculate CFN according to DOFF
Page 50
Intra-frequency Hard Handover Flow
I ntra-frequency hard handover flow
UE
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
Target
NODEB
Source
NODEB
SRNC
2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP establish
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP release
Page 51
Key Parameters
Handover decision threshold based on BE speed
UE should do soft handover when the speed of BE
service is less than the threshold.
UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when the
speed of BE service is greater than the threshold.
The parameters about 1D event:
time to trigger hysteresis
The parameters should be set accord with the Qos
Page 52
3.1 Soft Handover
Page 53
The Brief Introduction of Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Characters
The working frequency is different after handover
The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one receiver
Usually, the timing re-initiation hard handover is used for hard
handover
Advantages
Compare to intra-frequency hard handover, the success possibility is
higher
The load balance among cells with different frequencies
Can realize the reasonable configuration for hierarchy cells
Disadvantages
Compressed mode results in extra radio resource occupied
The timing re-initiation hard handover increase the time of handover
and the risk of call drop
Disconnected coverage
Handover based on load
Hierarchy cells
Page 54
The Inter-frequency Hard Handover Measurement
Values and Events
The Inter-frequency hard handover measurement
values
Measurement values:
CPICH RSCPCPICH Ec/Io
Different handover purpose for different
measurement type:
In the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP
In the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No
Page 55
Compressed Mode Initiation in Inter-frequency Hard
Handover
Conditions for measurement initiated
2D event can be used to enable the compressed mode to perform
inter-frequency measurement.
Enable inter-frequency measurement by moving speed estimation
algorithm
Conditions for Measurement stopping
2F event
After the best cell is changed, the cell does not contain inter-frequency
neighbor cells.
Inter-frequency measurement timer expired
Because the moving speed of UE is changed, the inter-frequency
handover measurement is stopped by cell hierarchy algorithm.
Page 56
Cells Hierarchy Algorithm Based on UE Moving Speed
When UE is in one of the hierarchy cells, the moving speed estimation
algorithm is initiated
Handover events in a while decides whether the speed of UE
satisfies the current cell hierarchy condition
UE is remained in the current cell if the speed is medium.
If the speed is very high, it will be handed over to higher
hierarchy cell. And if not, hand it over to lower hierarchy cell.
UEs moving speed decided the result.
If the hierarchy is configured by different frequencies, the inter-
frequency blind handover or inter-frequency measurement
handover can be initiated.
If the hierarchy is configured by one frequency, the intra-
frequency handover can be initiated.
Page 57
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Decision Algorithm
The inter-frequency hard handover decision
The coverage triggers the handover
2B event
the quality in the used frequency is lower than
absolute threshold, but the quality in another non-
used frequency is higher than another absolute
threshold.
The load triggers handover
2C event
the quality in another frequency is higher than an
absolute threshold
Page 58
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Flow
Signaling flow
UE
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
Target
NODEB
Source
NODEB
SRNC
2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP established
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP released
Page 59
Key Parameters (I)
Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters:
Inter-frequency measurement reporting: periodic reporting or event
reporting
Inter-frequency measurement values: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay trigger
time and hysteresis
Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold: Considering the
different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain
and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured.
Inter-frequency handover based on coverage: the quality threshold of
target cell
Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard handover
The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency handover
Page 60
Key Parameters (II)
Inter-frequency handover parameters caused by
non-coverage ability
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter
coefficient, delay trigger time and hysteresis
Inter-frequency handover based on non-
coverage ability
Page 61
3.1 Soft Handover
Page 62
The Brief Introduction of Inter-system Hard Handover
WCDMA FDD <>GSM
WCDMA FDD <>WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD <>CDMA2000
Characters
Different radio access technology is used after handover
Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the measurement
Advantages
For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to another system
For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of old equipments(2G->3G)
Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and it demands higher compatibility for equipments
Demands more complicated UE
Page 63
The Measurement for Inter-systemCompressed Mode Initiated
The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement)
Measurement type:
GSM Carrier RSSI
BSIC Identification
BSIC Reconfirmation
The process of measurement: layer 1 filter, layer 3 filter
Measurement reporting
Event reporting
2D Event: initiate GSM measurement
2F Event: stop GSM measurement
Page 64
The Inter-system Hard Handover Decision Algorithm
The inter-system hard handover decision
Inter-system handover caused by coverage
Event reporting:
3A eventThe estimated quality value of the used UTRAN
frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the
other system is higher than a certain threshold .
Periodic reporting:
EvaluationAccording to the periodic reported GSM RSSI
measurement value and the BSIC confirming state of target
cell of GSM system, and meanwhile the UE evaluates the
GSM RSSI of target cell is greater than the absolute threshold,
then consider the cell confirmed by BSIC.
Page 65
The Inter-system Hard Handover Decision Algorithm
The inter-system hard handover decision
Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage
Event reporting
3C event: The estimated quality value of the other
system is higher than a absolute threshold.
Page 66

1. Relocation
Required
2. Prepare
Handover
3. Handover
Request
4. Handover
Request Ack
12. Iu Release
Command
13. Iu Release
Complete 14. Send End
Signal Response
5. Prepare
Handover
Response
6. Relocation
Command
7. DCCH : Handover
from UTRAN Command

8. Handover
Detect
9. Handover Complete

10. Handover
Complete
11. Send
End
Signal
Request

UE
Node B SRNC CN MSC BSC
Inter-system Handover Flow
The execution of inter-system handover
Page 67
Key Parameters (I)
Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped threshold:
Considering the different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH
RSCP for PS domain and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F
parameters are configured
Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)
CPICH Ec/No
CPICH RSCP
BSIC confirmed (Optional)
Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS
domain separately
Using inter-system frequency quality handover threshold
Configure the delay trigger time, hysteresis for each event
Page 68
Key parameters (II)
Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage parameters
The period of inter-system measurement report
The decision threshold for inter-system handover: configure the
CS, PS, signaling separately
Time delay trigger : configure BSIC with acknowledged and
unacknowledged mode
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient and
hysteresis
Penalty time
Page 69
Questions
What are the differences between soft handover and softer handover?
What is compressed mode?
Draw out the hard handover signaling flow.
Page 70
Summary
This chapter focus on the basic handovers in
WCDMA: soft handover, softer handover, intra-
frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard
handover and inter-system hard handover. It
also introduced the application scenarios for
these different handovers
Meanwhile, compressed mode is introduced in
this chapter
Summary
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07 WCDMA Handover Principal ISSUE1.0

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