nodes : variables

branches : gains
e.g. y = a x


e.g. y = 3x + 5z 0.1y

Signal Flow Graph
x y
a
x z
y 5 3
-0.1
The value of a node is equal to the sum of all signal
coming into the node.
The incoming signal needs to be weighted by the
branch gains.
1 21 2 31 3 41 4 51 5
y a y a y a y a y = + + +
Note: y6, y7, y8 are gained up versions of y1.
r y
u G
1
1
-G
2
R y
z
G
3
1
-H
1
x
G
1
G
2
-1
N
1
An input node is a node with
only out going arrows.

R, N and r are input nodes.
Parallel branches can be summed to form
a single branch
fig_03_31
Series branches can be multiplied to form
a single branch
r
y
r 1 y
1
Feedback connections can be simplified
into a single branch
1
G
GH +
Note: the internal node E is lost!
R
y
z
G
3
1
-H
1
x
G
1
G
2
-1
1
y
R
y
z
G
3
1
-H
1
x
G
1
G
2
-1
1
y
z
1
R
y 1
x
G
1
G
2
-1
1
y
z
3
3 1
1
G
G H +
R
R
y 1
x
G
2
-1
1
y
z
3
3 1
1
G
G H +
y
x
G
1
G
2
-1
1
y
z
3
3 1
1
G
G H +
R
2 3
3 1 2 3
1
G G
y R
G H G G
=
+ +
3
1
3 1 2 3
1
G
y G R
G H G G
=
+ +
2 3 1 3
3 1 2 3 3 1 2 3
2 3 1 3
3 1 2 3
1 1
1
G G GG
y R
G H G G G H G G
G G GG
R
G H G G
| |
= +
|
+ + + +
\ .
+
=
+ +
Overall:
Masons Gain Formula
A forward path: a path from input to output
Forward path gain M
k
: total product of
gains along the path
A loop is a closed path in which you can
start at any point, follow the arrows, and
come back to the same point
A loop gain L
i
: total product of gains along
a loop
Loop i and loop j are non-touching if they
do not share any nodes or branches
The determinant :
. . . .
3 4
1 ...
i i j i j k i j k m
all i all non touching all n t all n t
pairs of loops loops loops
L L L L L L L L L L

A = + +


k
: The determinant of the S.F.G. after
removing the k-th forward path

Masons Gain formula:
. .
o k k
all forward
i
path k
y M
I O T F
y
A
= =
A

3 2 1 3
. .
1 1 G G H G L L L
T N
j i
all
i
+ + = + = A

Get T.F. from N to y
1 forward path: N y
M = 1
2 loops: L
1
= -H
1
G
3
L
2
= -G
2
G
3

1
: remove nodes N, y, and branch N y
All loops broken:
1
= 1
3 2 1 3
1 1
1
1 1
G G H G
M M
N
y
k k
+ +
=
A
=
A
A
=
A
A
=

0
R
y
z
G
3
1
-H
1
x
G
1
G
2
-1
N
1
Get T.F. from R to y
2 f.p.: R x z y : M
1
=G
2
G
3

R z y : M
2
=G
1
G
3
2 loops: L
1
= -G
3
H
1
L
2
= -G
2
G
3
3 2 1 3
. .
1 1 G G H G L L L
T N
j i
all
i
+ + = + = A

0

1
: remove M
1
and compute

1
= 1

2
: remove M
2
and compute

2
= 1

3 2 1 3
3 1 3 2
1 G G H G
G G G G M M
R
y
H
k k k
+ +
+
=
A
=
A
A
= =

Overall:
2 3 1 3
3 1 2 3 3 1 2 3
1
1 1
G G GG
y R N
G H G G G H G G
+
= +
+ + + +
H
4
H
1
H
2
H
3
H
5
H
6
H
7
Forward path:
M
1
= H
1
H
2
H
3

M
2
= H
4
Loops:
L
1
= H
1
H
5
L
2
= H
2
H
6
L
3
= H
3
H
7
L
4
= H
4
H
7
H
6
H
5

L
1
and L
3
are non-touching

1
: If M
1
is taken out, all loops are broken.
therefore
1
= 1

2
: If M
2
is taken out, the loop in the middle (L
2
) is
still there.
therefore
2
= 1 L
2
= 1 H
2
H
6
Total T.F.:
7 3 5 1 5 6 7 4 7 3 6 2 5 1
6 2 4 4 3 2 1
6 2 2 1
1
) 1 (
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H
H H M M M
H
k k
+
+
=
A
+
=
A
A
=

7 3 5 1
5 6 7 4 7 3 6 2 5 1
3 1
1
1
H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
L L L
i
+
=
+ =

A
Application to integrated circuits
Identify input and output variables
At each internal circuit node:
Identify the equivalent resistance (impedance)
Use current into this R as a node variable
Use voltage at circuit node as another
variable
Construct SFG for the circuit
Use Masons gain formula to find I/O TF

-1/Z
c
V
i+
V
o1
V
BN
V
o
V
i-
V
m
R
m
R
o1
There are two input
variables: Vi+, Vi-
Vo is output variavle

Internal circuit nodes:

Vm, and I
Rm
Vo1, and I
Ro1
V
o
V
i-
I
Rm
V
m
I
Ro1
I
o
R
m
R
o1
R
o
V
i+
-g
m1
-g
m2
-g
m4
-g
m6
1/Z
c
-1/Z
c
-sC
L
-sC
1
1/Z
c
This is a simplied version, by ignoring Cgds and the
dynamics at the mirror node.
V
o1
V
o
I
Ro1
I
o
R
o1
R
o
V
i+
-V
i-
-g
m1
-g
m6
1/Z
c
-1/Z
c
-1/Z
c
-sC
L
-sC
1
If R
m
=1/g
m4
g
m1
= g
m2
Two forward paths: M1=g
m1
R
o1
g
m6
R
o
; M2=- g
m1
R
o1
R
o
/Z
c

The corresponding As are both 1
Loops: L1= -R
o1
(sC
1
+1/Z
c
); L2= -R
o
(sC
L
+1/Z
c
)
L3= R
o1
R
o
(-g
m6
+1/Z
c
)/Z
c
L1 an L2 are non-touching
By MGF: TF = (M1+M2)/(1-L1-L2-L3+L1L2)
= g
m1
R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
Z
c
- 1)/{Z
c
+R
o1
(sC
1
Z
c
+1)+R
o
(sC
L
Z
c
+1)
+ R
o1
(sC
1
Z
c
+1)R
o
(sC
L
+1/Z
c
) + R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
Z
c
-1)/Z
c
}
1/Z
c
When s 0, if Zc inf,
TF = g
m1
R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
Z
c
- 1)/{Z
c
+R
o1
(sC
1
Z
c
+1)+R
o
(sC
L
Z
c
+1)
+ R
o1
(sC
1
Z
c
+1)R
o
(sC
L
+1/Z
c
) + R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
Z
c
-1)/Z
c
}
g
m1
R
o1
R
o
g
m6

If Zc = 1/sC
C
:
TF = g
m1
R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
- sC
C
)/{1+sR
o1
(C
1
+C
C
)+sR
o
(C
L
+C
C
)
+ s
2
R
o1
R
o
(C
1
+C
C
) (C
L
+C
C
) + sC
C
R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
-sC
C
)}
= g
m1
R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
- sC
C
)/{1+sR
o1
(C
1
+C
C
)+sR
o
(C
L
+C
C
) +
s
2
R
o1
R
o
(C
1
C
L
+C
C
C
L
+C
C
C
1
) + sC
C
R
o1
R
o
g
m6
}
For buffer connection, closed-loop characteristic equation:
1+g
m1
R
o1
R
o
g
m6
+s{R
o1
(C
1
+C
C
)+R
o
(C
L
+C
C
)+R
o1
R
o
(C
C
g
m6
-g
m1
C
C
)}
+ s
2
R
o1
R
o
(C
1
C
L
+C
C
C
L
+C
C
C
1
)=0

Closed-loop BandWidth:
const/s-coeffg
m1
g
m6
/(C
C
g
m6
-g
m1
C
C
)=g
m1
/C
C*
g
m6
/(g
m6
-g
m1
)

For stability: g
m6
>= g
m1

For damping ratio >= 0.5, need b
2
>a*c. That is:
(C
C
g
m6
-g
m1
C
C
)
2
>= g
m1
g
m6
(C
1
C
L
+C
C
C
L
+C
C
C
1
)
(C
C
)
2
/(C
1
C
L
+C
C
C
L
+C
C
C
1
) >= g
m1
g
m6
/(g
m6
-g
m1
)
2

BW
2
<= g
m1
g
m6
/(C
1
C
L
+C
C
C
L
+C
C
C
1
)

Notice: R
o1
and R
o
plays no role in these conditions.
Let closed-loop poles be p= -x+-jy.
Step response settling time is determined by x.
Ts = -ln(tol)/x, tol is settling tolerance.
For fastest settling, want large x = -ln(tol)/Ts.
Perform a shift of imag axis: s=z-x. Want to maximize a while z
remains stable.
1+g
m1
R
o1
R
o
g
m6
+(z-x)

{R
o1
(C
1
+C
C
)+R
o
(C
L
+C
C
)+R
o1
R
o
(C
C
g
m6
-
g
m1
C
C
)} + (z-x)
2
R
o1
R
o
(C
1
C
L
+C
C
C
L
+C
C
C
1
)=0

g
m1
g
m6
-x(C
C
g
m6
-g
m1
C
C
)+x
2
(C
1
C
L
+C
C
C
L
+C
C
C
1
)

+
z{(C
C
g
m6
-g
m1
C
C
)-2x(C
1
C
L
+C
C
C
L
+C
C
C
1
)} +
z
2
(C
1
C
L
+C
C
C
L
+C
C
C
1
)=0

For stability of z, x

< (g
m6
-g
m1
)/2(C
1
C
L
/C
C
+C
L
+C
1
)
If Zc = Rz + 1/sCc:
TF = g
m1
R
o1
R
o
(sC
c
(R
z
g
m6
-1)+g
m6
)/
{(sC
c
R
z
+1)+R
o1
(sC
1
(sC
c
R
z
+1)+sC
c
)+R
o
(sC
L
(sC
c
R
z
+1)+sC
c
) - R
o1
(sC
1
(sC
c
R
z
+1)+sC
c
)R
o
(sC
L
+1/Z
c
) +
R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
(sC
c
R
z
+1)-sC
c
)/Z
c
}
V
i+
V
BN
V
o
V
i-
V
m
R
m
R
o1
1/Z
c
Closed-loop:
V
o1
V
o
I
Ro1
I
o
R
o1
R
o
V
i+
-V
o
-g
m1
-g
m6
1/Z
c
-1/Z
c
-1/Z
c
-sC
L
-sC
1
V
i+
1
-1
1/Z
c
V
o1
V
o
I
Ro1
I
o
R
o1
R
o
V
i+
-V
o
-g
m1
-g
m6
1/Z
c
-1/Z
c
-1/Z
c
-sC
L
-sC
1
V
i+
1
-1
Forward paths remain the same.
Two new loops added: L4=-M1; L5=-M2
These are touching with previous loop.
A=1-L1-L2-L3-L4-L5+L1L2, set A=0:

Z
c
+ g
m1
R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
Z
c
- 1)+R
o1
(sC
1
Z
c
+1)+R
o
(sC
L
Z
c
+1)-
R
o1
(sC
1
Z
c
+1)R
o
(sC
L
+1/Z
c
) + R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
Z
c
-1)/Z
c
= 0

This is the closed-loop characteristic equation.
Z
c
+ g
m1
R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
Z
c
- 1)+R
o1
(sC
1
Z
c
+1)+R
o
(sC
L
Z
c
+1)-
R
o1
(sC
1
Z
c
+1)R
o
(sC
L
+1/Z
c
) + R
o1
R
o
(g
m6
Z
c
-1)/Z
c
= 0
If Z
c
= R
z
+ 1/sC
C
, The char eq becomes:L
M1 M2
M3 M4
M5
M6
c
V
DD
V
SS
C
c
V
in-
V
in+
M9
i
c
V
A
V
1
Mb3
M7
Mb1
Isupply
Mb2
Mb4
Mb5 Mb6
V
out
Vbb
V
o1
V
o
I
Ro1
I
o
R
o1
R
o
V
i+
-V
o
-g
m1
-g
m5
-sC
L
-sC
C
-sC
1
V
i+

1
I
RA

R
A
V
A
-sC
C
-sC
A
sC
C
sC
C
g
mc
2 2
1 1 1 2 5
3 4 1 5
1 1 5 1 1 3
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 2 3 1 3 1 5 1 2 3
1 1 1 5
; ( );
( ); ;
; 1 1 ( )
1
1 ( ( ) ( )
o o L C o A C
A C A o o A m mc C
m m o o A C A
o o L C A C A o o A m mc C
L sR C L sR C C L s R R C
L sR C C L sR R R g g C
M g g R R L sR C C
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
s R C R C C R C C R R R g g C
= = + =
= + =
= A = = + +
A = + + + +
= + + + + + +
2
1 1
2
1 1
3 2
1 1 1 1
2
1 5 1 1
3 2
1 1
1 1
)
( ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) )
( ( )( ) )
1 ( ( ))
(( )( ) )
Open Loop TF = /
o o L C o L C A C A
o A C A o A C
o o A L C C A o o A C
o o m C o o L o A L C L A
o o A L C C A C
s R C R C C R C C R C C
R C R C C R R C
s R R R C C C C C R R R C C
sR R g C s R C R C R R C C C C
s R R R C C C C C C
M
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + +
~ + + + +
+ + +
A A
1 5 1
1
1 5
; (0)
1
Dominant pole: ;
m m o o
m
o o m C C
TF g g R R
g
GB
R R g C C
=
~ ~
1 5 1
5 1 1
2
1 1
3
1 1
1
1
1 5 1 2
Buffer connection closed-loop characteristic equation:
0 1
( )( ))
( )
If we want Re(pole) < -0.5GB. Relacing by :
2
0
m m o o
m o o A m mc C A
o A C o L
o o A L C
m
C
m m o
g g R R
sg R R R g g C C
s R C R C R C
s R R R C C C
g
s z
C
g g R R
~ +
+ + +
+ +
+

~
1
2 3 2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 8
1 1 5 5 1 1 1
2
3
1 1 4
2
3
1 1 1 1 1 4
3
1 1
(1 (1 / ))
( / ) / ) /
( ( ) ( / )
/ )
( )
For stabilit
o A m A C
m o L o C A C m o o A L C
o o m m A C A m C m L C o A L
m A L C
o o L o A L C m A L
o o A L C
R g C C
g R C R C C R C g R R R C C C
zR R g g R C C g C g C C C g R C
g R C C C
z R R C C g R C C g R C C
z R R R C C C
+
+ +
+ + + +
+
+ +
+
1 2 0 3
y, all coeff 0, and . a a a a > >
M1 M2
M3 M4
M5
M6
c
V
DD
V
SS
C
c
V
in-
V
in+
M9
i
c
V
A
V
1
Mb3
M7
Mb1
Isupply
Mb2
Mb4
Mb5 Mb6
V
out
Vbb
V
o1
V
o
I
Ro1
I
o
R
o1
R
o
V
i+
-V
o
-g
m1
-g
m5
-sC
L
-sC
C
-sC
1
V
i+

1
I
RA

R
A
V
A
-sC
C
-sC
A
sC
C
sC
C
g
mc
+ g
oc
If we include a finite r
oc

for M
6c
:
g
oc

There is one more FP: -g
m1
R
o1
g
oc
R
A
sC
C
R
o
Its A=1
It also introduces a loop: ro1 goc RA (gmc+goc).
This loop is non touching with the one at Vo.
' ' '
1 1 1 1 1 1
' 2 ' 2
2 3 5
' ' ' ' '
4 1 5 6 1 1 1 1
' '
1 1 5 1 1 3
/ (1 ); / (1 ) ;
( ); ( );
; ( ) / (1 )
; 1 1 (
o o o oc A A A oc A o
o L C A C A o A C
o o A m mc C o oc A mc oc o oc o oc o oc
m m o o A C
R R R g R R R g R L sR C
L sR C C L sR C C L s R R C
L sR R R g g C L R g R g g R g R g R g
M g g R R L sR C
= + = + ~ =
= + = + =
= = + ~ = +
= A = = + +
' '
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 2 3 1 3 1 5 2 6 1 2 3
' ' ' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 1 5
2 ' '
1 1
)
; 1; | | | |
1
1 ( (1 )( ) ( ) )
( ( ) ( )
A
m o oc A C o
o oc o o o oc L C A C A o o A m mc C
o o L C o L C A
C
M g R g R sC R M M
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
R g s R C R R g C C R C C R R R g g C
s R C R C C R C C R
= A = A << A
A = + + + + +
~ + + + + + +
+ + + +
' ' 2
1 1
3 ' ' ' ' 2
1 1 1 1
2
1 1 5 1 1
3 2
1 1
1
1 1 1 5 1
(
( )
( ) )
( ( )( ) )
(1 ) 1 ( )
(( )( ) )
)(1
( )
)
1 ;
C A
o A C A o A C
o o A L C C A o o A C
o oc o o m C o o L
o o A L C C A C
o oc m m o
o A L C L o
o
A oc
C C
R C R C C R R C
s R R R C C C C C R R R C C
R g sR R g C s R C R C
s R R R C C C C C C
R
R g M
R C C C C R g
g g R R
+
+ +
+ + +
+ A ~ + + +

+ =
+
+
+
+ +
2
Most things stay the same in the TF, except one term in s in denominator
M1 M2
M3 M4
M5
M6
c
V
DD
V
SS
C
c
V
in-
V
in+
M9
i
c
V
A
V
1
Mb3
M7
Mb1
Isupply
Mb2
Mb4
Mb5 Mb6
V
out
Vbb
V
o1
V
o
I
Ro1
I
o
R
o1
R
o
V
i+
-V
o
-g
m1
-g
m5
-sC
L
-sC
C
-sC
gd
-sC
1
-sC
gd
V
i+

1
I
RA

R
A
V
A
-sC
C
-sC
A
sC
C
sC
C
g
mc
+ g
oc
If we include C
gd
effect
for M
5
:
g
oc

sC
gd

sC
gd

C1 and CL should be modified just a little bit.
It also introduces a loop: Ro1 Ro sCgd (-gm5+sCgd).
This loop is non touching with the one at VA.
In the main forward path, gm5 is replaced by gm5-sCgd.
' '
1 1 1 1 3
' '
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 2 3 1 3 1
'
7 1 5
7 7
5
5 2 6 1 2
1
3
3
Additional Loop:
; 1 1 ( )
; 1; | | | |
1
(1 )
(
( )
)
m o o A C A
m o oc A
o o g
m g
C o
o oc
d m g
d
d
M g R R L sR C C
M g R g R sC R M M
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
L R R sC g
L L L L L
R
sC
L L L
g sC
g
= A = = + +
= A = A << A
A = + + + + +
=
+
+
+

A ~
1 5
2
1 1 1
3 2
1
1 5
2 2 2
1
1 1 5
3 2
1 1
1
1 1 5
( )
1
( ( )(1 ))
(( )( ) )
(1 ) ;
Most changes are negl
( )
o o m C
o o L o A L C L A o oc
o o A L C
o o gd m
o o gd o o gd m A C A
o o g C A C
o oc m m o o
d A C A
R R sC g
R R s C R R s C g R C C
R R s C R
sR R g C
s R C R C R R C C C C R g
s R R R C C C C C C
R g M g g R
C C
R
+
+ + + +
+ + +
+
+
+
+ =
term in red igible, except one which introduce a RHP zero.
Quick tips
Each circuit node makes one loop, with loop
gain = -R*sC
tot

If there is two way current injection between
node A and B, it makes a loop with loop
gain = +R
A
*R
B
*Y
AB
*Y
BA
These loops are non touching if the
involved circuit nodes are separate.
M1 M2
M3 M4
M6
M8
c
V
DD
V
SS
C
c2
V
in-
V
in+
M5
V
A
V
2
M9
M7
Mb1
Isupply
M8
V
o
Vbb
C
c1
V
1
Mb2
1 1 1 2 7 2
2 2 2 1 2 2 1 6 1
2 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 2 2
Loops:
; ( )
( ); ( )
( ); ( );
, , , and ; , , and ; and are non touching.
1
oA o A C m C
C o o C m C
A A A C o o L C C
A o oA o
A o oA o o
L sRC L R R sC g sC
L sR C C L R R sC g sC
L sR C C L sR C C C
L L L L L L L L L
L L L L L L L
= = +
= + = +
= + = + +
A = +
1 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 2 6 1 2 1 1
2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1
...
Two forward paths from to :
; 1 ( )
; 1 ( )
oA oA oA
A o o A o A A o A
i o
m m o A A C
m C o A A C
L L L L L L L L
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
V V
M g R g R sR C C sRC
M g R sC R sR C C sRC
+
+ +
+ + + + + + +
= A = + + +
= A = + + +
4 1 3 2 1
2 4 2 3 2 1 2 1
: loops Five
G G G G G
H G H G G H G G
4 1 2
3 2 1 1
: paths forward Two
G G M
G G G M
=
=
4 1 3 2 1 2 4 2 3 2 1 2 1
4 1 3 2 1
1 R(s)
Y(s)
: gain Total
G G G G G H G H G G H G G
G G G G G
+ + + + +
+
=
4 1 3 2 1 2 4 2 3 2 1 2 1
1
: t Determinan
G G G G G H G H G G H G G + + + + + = A
1
loops. no 1, path forward removing After
1
= A
1
loops. no 2, path forward removing After
2
= A
s
1
s
1 x
y
s
1
b
3
b
2
b
1
-a
1
-a
2
-a
3
x
2
x
1
e
x
3

x
3
e
y x
x
2
x
1
b
1
b
3
b
2
-a
3
-a
2
-a
1
1
1
s
1
s
1
s
Example:
s
1
s
1 x
y
s
1
b
3
b
2
b
1
-a
1
-a
2
-a
3
x
2
x
1
e
x
3

Forward paths:

s
b
M
s
b
M
s
b
M
1
3
2
2
2
3
3
1
=
=
=
Loops:

3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
s
a
L
s
a
L
s
a
L
=
=
=
Determinant:

1
: If M
1
is taken out, all loops are broken.
therefore
1
= 1

2
: If M
2
is taken out, all loops are broken.
therefore
2
= 1

3
: Similarly,
3
= 1

3
3
2
2 1
1 1
s
a
s
a
s
a
L
i all
i
+ + + = = A

3
3
2
2 1
3
3
2
2 1
3 2 1
1
. .
s
a
s
a
s
a
s
b
s
b
s
b
M M M M
F T
i i
+ + +
+ +
=
A
=
A
A
=

1 10 1 1 10
1 100 100
2 ( 20) 2 2 ( 20)
1 1000 10
1 1
2 ( 20) ( 20)
s s s
s s s s s s s
s
s s s s s
+ + +
A = + + +
+ + + + +
| | +
= + + +
|
+ + +
\ .
4
1 1000 1 10 1
1* 1 100
2 ( 20) 2 ( 20) 2
s s s
G
s s s s s s s
y R N
+ + +
| |
+ +
|
+ + + + +
\ .
= +
A A
1 1
1
R s L +
Cs
1
2 2
1
R s L +
U
y
+
-
2
R
+
-
V
c
I
2
I
1
One forward path, two loops, no non-touching loops.
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 ; 2 L L
L s R Cs Cs L s R
= =
+ +
2
1 1 2 2
1 1 1
1 ; 1 1 M R
L s R Cs L s R
= A =
+ +
1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
2
) )( (
. .
R s L R s L R s L R s L Cs
R
F T
+ + + + + +
=
1 1
. .
1 1 2
M
T F
L L
A
=

100
1
2
s
s
+
+
10
( 20) s s +
U
Y
+
-
+
-
2
5 s +
+
+
Two forward paths, three loops, no non-touching loops.
1 10
1 100 ; 1 1
2 ( 20)
s
M
s s s
+
= A =
+ +
1 2
1 100 ; 2 1
2 5
s
M
s s
+
= A =
+ +
1 10
1 100 ;
2 ( 20)
1 10 1 2
2 ; 1 100
2 ( 20) 2 5
s
L
s s s
s s
L L
s s s s s
+
=
+ +
+ +
= =
+ + + +