BATTERY MANAGEMENT SCHEMES

Submitted by
Raghavendra B K

3rd Sem Digital communication

1BM12LDC17 BMSCE, Bangalore
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Main Reasons for Energy Management

Limited Energy Reserve: The improvement in battery technologies is very

slow
Difficulties in replacing the batteries: E.g. in battlefields or emergency

applications
Lack of central coordination: In ad hoc networks as distributed networks some

nodes may work as relay nodes; when relay traffic is heavy the power consumption is high
Constraints on the battery source: The batteries should be small and not

heavy; So low power is available at each node

Selection of optimal transmission power: Higher transmission power results

in higher energy consumption and higher interference between nodes

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Classification of Energy Mgmt. Schemes.

Battery management schemes

To maximize the life of an ad hoc network required an

understanding of the capabilities/limitations of energy sources of the nodes.

Capacity can be increased

either by studying the internal

characteristics of the battery, so called battery management, or by minimizing the activities that utilize the battery capacity, so called, power management.
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Overview of battery characteristics

Battery technologies Principles of battery discharge Impact of discharge characteristics on battery capacity

Battery models
Battery scheduling Smart battery standard

Battery Technologies:
Popular rechargeable battery technologies are:

nickel cadmium, lithium ion, Nickel metal hydride, reusable alkaline and lithium polymer
Factors considered while designing battery

Energy density, recharge cycles, environmental impact, safety, cost, supply voltage, and charge/discharge characteristics.

Principles of battery discharge

The three main voltage that characterize a cell are
Open circuit voltage (Voc): no load condition Operating voltage (Vi): loaded condition Cut off voltage (Vcut): discharge condition
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Cell capacities
1.

Theoretical capacity:
The amount of active materials contained in the cell A cell cannot exceed its theoretical capacity

2.

Nominal (standard) capacity:

Capacity available when discharged at a specific constant current Expressed in ampere-hours

3.

Actual capacity:
Energy delivered under given load A cell may exceed the actual capacity but not the theoretical capacity
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Performance of a cell discharge:

Discharge time: Time elapsed when a cell reaches its cut off voltage
Specific power: energy under a specified discharge current Discharge current: constant current discharge and pulsed current discharge
In this mode, battery switches between short discharge periods and idle periods

Impact of discharge characteristics on battery capacity

Diffusion Process:
When battery is in discharging, the active materials(AM) move from electrolyte

solution to the electrodes and are consumed at the electrode.

If this current is above limiting current (threshold value), the active materials

depletes quickly
But as current decreases concentration of AM drops.

Longer lifetimes can be achieved by increasing the rest period due to recovery

capacity effect

Passivation process:
The cell discharge is also limited by process called Passivation It includes precipitation of crystals in the cell which are produced by discharge due

to chemical reactions on electrode.

Increases during higher current densities
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Battery discharge properties

1. Rate capacity effect:

As the intensity of discharge current increases an insoluble component develops

b/w inner and outer surfaces of cathode

As a result the inner layer becomes inaccessible and the cell becomes unusable

It depends on the actual capacity of the cell and discharge current

2. Recovery capacity effect:

It concerns with the recovery of charges under idle conditions By increasing the idle time one may able to completely utilize the theoretical capacity of the cell
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Battery Models
It depicts the characteristics of batteries used in real life

Approaches for longer life of the nodes of ad hoc wireless networks

1. Supply voltage scaling:

An optimum value of supply voltage is maintained by means of scaling It provides balance between battery charge consumption and performance

2. Battery aware task scheduling:

It optimizes the discharge power of batteries The discharge current of battery is shaped in order to reduce unwanted

consumption of power
i. ii.

Initial schedule obtained is adjusted to reduce peak current requirements Minimize delay and energy drawn off the cell
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3. Dynamic power management:

Energy conservation at the nodes carrying multimedia traffic can be achieved

by graceful degradation of quality of audio output when battery is about to reach complete discharge state.
Audio devices outputs high quality sound when battery charge remaining is

above threshold value

When it is below, the audio devices degrades output sound quality

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Battery scheduling:
Use of multiple batteries in mobile nodes Key aspect is the property of charge recovery by battery when it is in idle state

Smart battery standard(SBS):

Emerging technology towards the development of batteries that consumes low

power
Aim is to create standards by which systems become aware of batteries and

interact with them to provide better performance

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Device Dependent Schemes

These schemes increases the battery lifetime by exploiting its internal characteristics

Battery pulsed charge:

Pulsed current discharge when applied to cell, significant improvement in the

specific energy is delivered

Time is divided into slots, and each packet of the node is transmitted in that time

slot, and then battery goes to previous state

Binary pulsed discharge

If there are packets in queue, transmission of a packet occurs in one time slot. One

charge unit is recovered if queue is empty.

The current required for transmission is drained during the entire frame.
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Generalized Pulsed Discharge

In this mode, either one or more packets are transmitted or the cell is allowed to

recover a charge unit.

The quantity of the impulse is equal to the current required to transmit all the

packets, and the duration of the impulse is equal to a fraction of the time frame.
In the remaining fraction of the time frame, the cell is allowed to recover one unit.

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Efficiency
The efficiency of the battery is given by

Efficiency

Ecycle ERated

Ecycle =>actual capacity

E Rated =>rated capacity

If battery voltage is nearly a constant then efficiency is given by the ratio of

actual to the rated current

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Battery scheduling techniques

This technique improves the battery lifetime In a battery package of L cells, a subset of batteries can be scheduled for

transmitting a given packet, leaving other cells to recover their charge

Delay free approaches:
Whenever there is a demand for battery discharge (job) it will be provided

from the cells without any delay

The scheduling schemes for batteries can be any of the following

Joint technique (JN) ii. Round Robin Technique (RR) iii. Random Technique (RN)
i.

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Joint technique
When job arrives the same amount of current is drawn equally from all the cells,

which are connected in parallel.

If there are L cells, the current discharged from each of them is 1/L times the

required supply Round Robin Technique

This scheme selects the battery in round robin fashion and jobs are directed to cells

by switching from one to next

The job from job queue gets energy from battery selected by transmission module

based on round robin technique Random Technique

In this technique any one of the cell is chosen at random with a probability of 1/L The selected cell provides the total supply required
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No Delay free approaches

Batteries coordinate among themselves based on their remaining charge A threshold can be defined for the remaining charge of the cell. All the cells having their remaining charge greater than its threshold value

becomes eligible for providing energy

Delay free approaches such as RR technique can be applied for these cells The cells which are not eligible stay in recovery state This enables the cells to maximize their capacity

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Data link layer solutions

Data link layer solutions consider battery characteristics while designing the

protocols
Designing of battery-aware scheduling technique and maximizing the number of

packets being transmitted are conflicting objectives

Two such schemes are possible to find a trade-off between both

Lazy packet scheduling scheme BAMAC protocol

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Lazy packet scheduling scheme

Basic principle is based on the fact that energy required to transmit a packet

can be reduced significantly by minimizing the transmission power and increasing the duration of packet transmission
This may not suit the practical wireless environment packets Transmission schedule is designed taking into account the delay constraints

of the packets
This scheme combined with battery recovery properties provides energy

saving up to 50%

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Battery Aware MAC protocol (BAMAC)

A energy efficient contention based node scheduling protocol Increases the lifetime of the nodes by exploiting the recovery capacity effect

of battery
Since by increasing the idle time of battery the whole of its theoretical

capacity can be completely utilized

The BAMAC protocol tries to provide enough idle time for the nodes of an

ad hoc n/w by scheduling nodes in an appropriate manner

It provides uniform discharge of batteries of the nodes that contend for

common channel and is effected by using round robin technique

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BAMAC (contd)
In BAMAC each node maintains a battery table which contains information

about remaining battery charge of each of its one-hop neighbor nodes.

The entries are arranged in non-increasing order of remaining battery charge.
The RTS, CTS, data and ACK packets carry the remaining battery charge of the

node from which they originated

A node on listening to these packets make a entry in its battery table
The node follows back-off mechanism even for retransmission of packets When it is followed nodes with lesser rank values back off for smaller time

durations compared to those with higher rank values

Thus nodes are scheduled based on remaining battery capacities. The higher the

battery capacity lower the back-off period

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BAMAC (contd)
This ensures near round robin scheduling of nodes. Hence a uniform battery

discharge is guaranteed across all the nodes.

This guarantees alternate periods of transmission and idling of nodes which

leads to alternate periods of discharge and recovery of battery

In this protocol whenever a node gains access to the channel, it is allowed to

transmit only one packet

It gives rise to average idle time of (N-1)*m

Where, N=>total no of nodes contending for common channel

m=> average time taken by node for transmission of packet

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Network Layer solutions

It aims mainly at increasing the lifetime of the network Primary focus on developing routing protocols that use routing metrics such

as low energy cost and renaming battery Traffic shaping schemes:

Most of the traffic is bursty in nature, so introducing some delays in the

battery discharge requests paves the way for the battery to be idle for a few time slots. Thus some charge is recovered
Proper analysis of traffic characteristics provides a discharge shaping

technique by introducing battery delay times.

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Shaping algorithm:
Main goal is to introduce delay slots in battery discharge process This is done by defining a threshold expressed in terms of amount of charge The model consists of a battery with nominal capacity N, charge request rate

N ,

theoretical capacity T, and threshold B

When the state of battery drops below B, it is allowed to recover through

idling.
Remaining requests are queued up at the buffer L

As soon as battery recovers its charge and enters the state B+1 and starts

servicing queued requests.

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Battery energy efficient routing protocol (BEE)

It is an energy efficient routing protocol that attempts to combine LPS and

traffic shaping schemes. It tries to find balance in energy consumption among all the nodes It uses a new metric called energy cost From available routes the one with lowest energy cost is selected

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Round-robin scheduling
As the term is generally used, time slices are assigned to each process in equal

portions and in circular order, handling all processes without priority

A round-robin scheduler generally employs time-sharing, giving each job a

time slot , and interrupting the job if it is not completed by then.

The job is resumed next time a time slot is assigned to that process. In the absence of time-sharing, or if the quanta were large relative to the sizes

of the jobs, a process that produced large jobs would be favored over other
processes.

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