TOPIC 1 Introduction to Chemical Reaction Engineering

Classification of reactions
Homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction Rate law/rate of equation Elementary and non-elementary reaction Irreversible and reversible reaction

Definition of reaction rate

Molecularity and order of reaction Kinetic models for non-elementary reaction

Temperature dependent term of rate equation

What is a chemical reaction?

The change of a substance into a new substance which has new/different chemical identity i.e acid + metal a type of salt

2HCl + 2Mg 2MgCl + H2 2HCl + 2Na 2NaCl +H2 Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O
Raw material
Chemical reaction

Product

Sometimes involve changes in physical effect i.e. emission of heat, formation of precipitation, colour change, etc.

Ways a component/species can lose its chemical identity

Decompositi on

Molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, fragment Benzene and propylene formed from cumene

Isomerization

Combination

Molecule/atom to combine with other molecule/atom Benzene react with propylene to form cumene

Molecules change in configuration i.e.

In industrial chemical process, the typical situation of chemical process is shown below:

Classification of Reactions

Generally, chemical reactions can be classified into homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Homogeneous reaction is a reaction that take place in one phase alone. i.e. reaction between 2 gases, 2 liquids, 2 solids Heterogeneous reaction is a reaction that that requires the presence of at least 2 phases (or more) to proceed at certain reaction rate. i.e. reaction between gas and liquid, gas and solid, liquid and solid

Variables that affect rate of reaction

In

homogeneous systems the temperature, pressure, and composition are obvious variables. In heterogeneous, the problem becomes more complex. Material may have to move from phase to phase during reaction; hence, the rate of mass transfer can become important.

Rate of Equation

The rate of equation/ the rate law is an algebraic equation that depends on reacting materials and reaction conditions. It is independent of the type of reactor (batch or continuous).

k is rate constant which is temperature dependent

Elementary reaction
Elementary reactions: the rate of equation corresponds to a stoichiometric equations H2+I22HI -rH2=k[H2][I2]

Consider a single reaction with stoichiometric equation

The rate of disappearance of A is given by

Such reaction is called elementary reaction

Non-elementary reaction
Non-elementary reactions: no direct correspondence between stoichiometry and rate When there is no direct correspondence between stoichiometry and rate, then we have non-elementary reactions. The classical example of a non-elementary reaction is that between hydrogen and bromine, which has a rate expression

Elementary reactions are often represented by an equation showing both the molecularity and the rate constant. For example

The rate of equation is:

Consider this reaction

Rate of equation that refers to B Rate of equation that refers to D Rate of equation that refers to T

But from stoichiometry point of view, the equation will be

Hence,

A non-elementary reaction is one whose stoichiometry does not match its kinetics. For example,

Non-elementary reaction always involve intermediate and multiple reactions However, it is difficult to quantify the concentration of intermediate since it exists only for few minutes.

Types of intermediate can be grouped into free radicals, ions and polar substances, molecules, transition complexes, non-chain reactions and chain reactions