Network Planning

?
First Steps and Factors affecting Network Planning
Fig. 1 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 3)

Introduction
Very first steps
Studying the topographical maps, the relative statistical relevant informations,
local regulations and laws, existing networks and numbering plans future expansion plans

Transmission Planning
connection points to
the PSTN possible leased lines frequencies available for microwave links

Network Planning
evaluation of expected traffic density use of CAD network planning tool (Tornado) determination of suitable MSC, BSC, BTS sites

Fig. 2 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 5)

Topography
Relevant Topographical Factors
obstacles
(mountains,forests,...) reflections (mountain walls, water...) traffic density (population density) streets, bridges local regulations

Fig. 3 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 7)

Financial Aspects
cost of the base station engineers evaluation of the area local administration permission compensation to ground owner cablings (power, transmission) specialized workers

++ =+
Fig. 4 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 9)

Quality of Service
User:
Difference between expected and reiceived service Determines user satisfaction and loyalty

Operator:
Provide all promised services User friendliness with efficient customer hotline

Fig. 5 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 11)

Erlang tables

[ (number of phone calls) x (average conversation time) ] n Erlangs = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------(time in seconds)

Fig. 6 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 13)

Channels: number of time slots necessary for providing the desired grade of service

Channels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 .......

1 % 0.01 0.15 0.46 0.87 1.36 1.91 2.5 3.13 3.78 4.46 5.16 5.88 6.61 7.35 8.11 8.88 9.65 10.4 11.2 12 12.8 13.7 14.5 15.3 16.1 17 17.8 18.6 19.5 20.3 .......

2 % 0.02 0.22 0.6 1.09 1.66 2.28 2.94 3.63 4.34 5.08 5.84 6.61 7.4 8.20 9.01 9.83 10.7 11.5 12.3 13.2 14 14.9 15.8 16.6 17.5 18.4 19.3 20.2 21 21.9 .......

3 % 0.03 0.38 0.73 1.26 1.88 2.54 3.25 3.99 4.75 5.53 6.33 7.14 7.97 8.80 9.65 10.5 11.4 12.2 13.1 14 14.9 15.8 16.7 17.6 18.5 19.4 20.3 21.2 22.1 23.1 ........

........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .........

Grade of service: 3% => 3 out of 100 call attempts fail

Elangs

Network Planning

Cellular Networks and Frequency Reuse

Fig. 7 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 15)

Prin cip le:

The Cellular Network

channels u, v, w

channels x,y,z ~4r

channels

co-channel interference zone = cluster area

x,y,z

Principle:
Many cells (BTS) Full coverage Partial overlap of cells Distribution of frequency resources Only a few frequencies per cell Frequency re-use
Sol utio n: r = ce ll ra dius (cell parameter)

re-use distance for HF channel frequency cell, radio cell

re-u se dista nce for HF channe l freque ncy

Fig. 8 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 17)

The Cellular Network / Principles of Network Planning

Frequency re-use distance: avoid inter-channel interferences Cluster: smallest domain within which all frequency resource is used (GSM900: typ. 7/9 cells) Network planning: difficult
Fig. 9 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 19)

Cell Size and Coverage

GSM 1800: 8km

360 omnicell
countryside deserted and coastal areas (100 km)

GSM 900: 35km (100 km)

180 sector cell

along roads

120 sector cell

urban areas

60 sector cell
areas with dense traffic hotspots (e.g. railway stations)

Fig. 10 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 21)

Hierarchical Cellular Structures

A macro cell as umbrella cell over several micro cells (traffic buffer)

Hierarchical Cellular Concept:

Macro cells: min. 500 m Micro cells: some 100 m Pico cells: some 10 m speed-dependent allocation

A pico cell inside a micro cell (hotspots)

Fig. 11 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 23)

BSS Transmission Planning

Star

Redundant

Loop

BSC

leased lines microwave links satellite

Crossconnect Multidrop chain

Multidrop Loop

Fig. 12 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 25)

Network Planning

Examples of Network Optimization

Fig. 13 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 27)

Change of Initial Conditions

fashion & nightlife changed city traffic new shopping malls

network monitoring tools are needed network planning process must be repeated

Fig. 14 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 29)

A
Square 1 Street 2

Canyoning
Network monitoring tool: cell A presents unexpected high density cell B is almost unused

B
Try network optimization Intention of the network planner OR Invest in capacity expansion of A

B
Actual situation revealed by measurements

The angles of the antennae of cell A and B are slightly changed so to reduce cell A canyoning and better approximate the intention of the network planner use cell B efficiently no further expenses needed

equipment transmission means

A is overdimensioned B is still unused

Fig. 15 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 31)

Handover Margins
(moving from A to B) signal strenght range for handover margins highest handover margin allowed

=0

B
lower threshold

distance
Fig. 16 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 33)

Frequency Hopping

Compensation of narrow-band interference stable & reliable transmission

(red undant bits on differen t TDMA fra mes)

RFC 1

RFC2

RFC 3

RFC 4

RFC 5 TCH frame 0 frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5

Fig. 17 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Network Planning Basics, 35)