np CT load (burden) ns ip is Burden Magnetizing Branch ip Rp Lp Ls Rs is Ideal CT ip Rp Lp Ls Rs is Es im imr imx Lm Rm Rl ip is Es im Lm Rb Current source ] ) sin( ) [sin( ) ( 1 T t peak e t I t i
+ + = o o e 2 t o = )] cos( [ ) ( 1 t e I t i T t peak e =
Short Circuit Currents
Simulations -1 0 1 2 Time C u r r e n t
0 20 40 -1 0 1 2 Time [ms] C u r r e n t
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Time [s] C u r r e n t
[ A ]
Symmetric Asymmetric -150 -100 -50 50 100 150 200 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 20 40 60 80 100 Time [s] C u r r e n t
[ A ]
Symmetric Asymmetric 10 100 1000 CT ratio error [%] 600/5 A, C100 CT with 1.5 O total load resistance Ideal CT 10 100 1000 CT Primary Current [A] (referred to the secondary) C T
S e c o n d a r y
C u r r e n t
[ A ]
CT Saturation for Symmetric Fault Currents 0.1 1 10 100 10 100 Exciting Current [A] V o l t a g e
[ V ]
15 23 35 48 7 Lm is nonlinear inductor, specified in piecewise linear form
+-I data points are not readily available
ATP provides a routine SATURATION to convert V rms -I rms characteristics into +-I set
Flux Current Flux-Current Characteristic Representing the Noise Example:
Modeling a
600/5 A Current Transformer This example includes 5 files:
1. Flux-Current curve generation
2. CT model using Type 98 element
3. Hysteresis generation
4. CT model using Type 96 element
5. Simulation of the CT V-I curve measurement (verifies proper modeling)
1. Input File for Flux-Current Curve Calculation (Type 98 model based on the V-I p.u. values)
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE SATURATION 60. 5.e-3 25.0e-6 1 1.0722322e-3 4.1719300e-1 1.9397460e-3 9.8089860e-1 . . . 2.4254340 2.7519700e+1 9999. BLANK CARD ENDING PLOTS BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK CARD ENDING CASE Current V o l t a g e
5. Input File for V-I Curve Measurement Simulation (one V-I point shown )
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE .1E-3 .034 0. 0. 1000 1 1 1 C LINE2ACTOUTA .001 1 C C TRANSFORMER Model $INCLUDE c:\papers\ct_ieee\vi\ct600.mod C BLANK LINE1ALINE2A -1. .3 BLANK CARD ENDING SWITCH 14LINE1A 120. 60. 0. -1. BLANK CARD ENDING SOURCE CTOUTA BLANK CARD ENDING NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT BLANK
0.001 0.1 1 10 100 1 10 100 1000 Exciting Current [A] Voltage [V] A 600/5 A CT V-I Characteristic (measured and simulated) 9.2 Digital Models of Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers CCVT
SDT LC C C PLC HV Bus Bar 1 2 d L FSC LP ZB A CCVT Circuit Connection HV C C 1 2 L R G G C R R L L R G R C L R C L y y R y Z 1 2 d1 d1 d1 1 2 ps p r 2 s 3 b h T F F F 3 a a Cp d1 C C p p R C L C s s x x x R 1 3 138kV 5kV/115V/66.4V SW1 A 138 kV CCVT Design 2 1 C C HV C C C p p p m m C C R L R L L R b R FSC Generic CCVT Model 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 Frequency [Hz] Cc higher Cp higher Cp smaller Ce higher smaller Cc smaller G a i n
[ d b ]
Cc & Cp neglected CCVT Frequency Response 2 1 C C HV C C C p p p m m C C R L R L L R b R FSC a) b) c) A) FSC Circuit Diagram B) FSC Digital Model (Lf represented as inductor) C) FSC Digital Model (Lf represented as transformer) Cf Lf Rf Cf Lf Rf Cf Lf Rf 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 F S C
I m p e d a n c e
[ O ]
10 100 1000 Frequency [Hz] A Cf Lf Rf FSC Circuit Diagram 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 F S C
I m p e d a n c e
[ O ]
10 100 1000 Frequency [Hz] A B Cf Lf Rf FSC Digital Model (Lf represented as inductor) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 F S C
I m p e d a n c e
[ O ]
10 100 1000 Frequency [Hz] A C Cf Lf Rf FSC Digital Model (Lf represented as transformer) Table 1. CCVT Data PCA-5 CD-31B C1 [pF] 5000 5000 C2 [pF] 80000 80000 Lc [H] 58.35 69 Cc [pF] 130 250 Rc [O] 228 685 Lp [H] 2.8 8.9 Cp [pF] 140 100 Rp [O] 400 830 Lm [kH] 51.4 46.6 Rm [MO] 1 1 LF [H] 0.7 0.88 CF [F] 9.6 8 RF [O] 37.5 40 Rb [O] 100 100 10 100 1000 10000 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 G a i n
[ d b ]
Frequency [Hz] ATP Simulation Measurement PCA-5 CCVT Frequency Response (Measured vs. ATP Simulation) 2 1 C C HV C C C p p p m m C C R L R L L R b R FSC C ABB PCA-5 CCVT C FERRORESONANCE SUPPRESSION CIRCUIT MIDDLE 40. NDOTB COMMON 3620. C C STEP-DOWN TRANSF. MODELING TRANSFORMER FD .1 .035 9999. C TRANSFORMER WINDINGS 01COMMONMIDDLE .02 .02 1.98 02MIDDLENDOTB .01 .01 1. C C C COUPLING CAPACITOR KINGB FRMIDB 37.7 C C COMPENSATING REACTOR FRMIDBFRINDB 228. 22.E3 FRMIDBFRINDB .0377 C C STEP-DOWN TRANSF. MODELING FRINDB .0565 TRANSFORMER FRIDNB 1.E+6 0.001421 13.7867 9999. C TRANSFORMER WINDINGS 01FRINDB 400. 1130. 4658. 02NDOTB .001 .001 115. C CCVT Modeling
using
Transfer Function and Fitting Method Single-Line-to-Ground Fault (recorded at the CCVT secondary and Haefely divider) Time Response of the 500 kV TEHM CCVT 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 Frequency [Hz] G a i n
[ d b ]
Frequency Response of the 500 kV TEHM CCVT obtained from Measurements and calculated using MATLAB 500 kV / 3 C1 C2 Cc Lc, Rc Cp SDT Load Rp Lp Rs Ls 115 V 500 kV TEHM CCVT Circuit Connection adopted for ATP Modeling Table 2. Estimated The 500 kV CCVT Parameters C1 C2 Rc Lc Cc SDT ratio Rp Lp Cp Rs Ls Load (assumed) 5210 pF 123050 pF 500 O 50.7 H 600 pF 11.73 kV/115 V 296 O 6.5 H 600 pF 1 mO 1 mH 100 O 10 100 1000 10000 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 Frequency [Hz] 2 0 * l o g ( v s / v p )
ATP Simulations of 500 kV TEHM CCVT Frequency Response (frequency scan) Voltage Transformer Digital Models