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Julie Mann, NP
N145
What is Cancer
Have autonomy
Go through anaplasia
Have immortality
Characteristics of CA cells
• unregulated growth
• low differentiatiated
• genetic instability
• no density-dependent inhibition
Tumor Classification
• Benign Tumors
• Malignant Tumors
Gene and Chromosome Abnormalities
Mutation
Proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes
antibodies
Viral and bacterial cause of CA
Examples:
Viral:
HPV
Bacterial: Helicobacter Pylori
Environmental Risk Factors
Tobacco use
Diet
Alcohol Consumption
Sexual and Reproductive behavior
Air pollution
Occupational hazards
Ultraviolet radiation
Ionizing radiation
Hormones
Oral contraceptives
Estrogens
Progestogen and Androgens
Tumor Spread
Cellularmultiplication
Mechanical pressure
TNM System
T: tumor spread
N: node involvement
M: presence of distant metastasis
• family history of CA
• Poor diet
Symptoms
• bleeding
• diarrhea or constipation
Fibroadenoma
Types
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Large cell carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Smoking and Lung CA
Risk
is related to:
Amount smoked
Age of smoking onset
Product smoked (tar, nicotine, filters)
Depth of inhalation
Gender
Case #4
• risk factors:
• frequency
• nocturia
• hesitancy
• dysuria
• hematuria
Metastasis
• lung
• bladder
Clinical Manifestations
• Anorexia
• Cachexia
• Fatigue
• Sleep Disorders
• Anemia
Clinical Manifestations
• development of effusions
Please also review
• Uterine CA
• Bladder CA