INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEW
OBJECTIVE OF CURRENT WORK METHODS OF EXTRACTION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION REFERENCES

 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has copious medicinal properties

Characteristic odour and flavour of ginger from Zingerone, Shogaols and Gingerols. Composition of ginger :
Component
Starch Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons Proteins Crude Fiber Ash Fatty Acids Oleoresin

Weight Percent
45.09 % 15 % 14.6 % 10.3 % 6.5 % 4.5 % 4%

 6-Gingerol inhibits cell adhesion, invasion, motility and activities of

MMP-2 and MMP-9 in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines Possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, to suppress cytokine formation and to promote angiogenesis Reported to be an active inhibitor of M. avium and M.tuberculosis in vitro 6-gingerol is shown to have analgesic, antipyretic, and cardiotonic properties

 6-Gingerol is a heat sensitive compound and gets reversibly de-hydrated to 6Shogaol. Steam Distillation cannot be used as a means of separation.

Yoshio Yonei, Hajime Ohinata, Ryuichi Yoshida, Yukio Shimizu and Chiaki Yokoyama supercritically extracted 6-gingerol using a semi-batch type apparatus, found the pressure of 4.5 MPa and temperature of 303 K as optimum. S. Balachandran, S.E. Kentish, R. Mawson, and M. Ashokkumar found that in the presence of ultrasound during the extraction of pungent compounds from a ginger with supercritical CO2 both the extraction rate and the yield increased. Gingerols were stable in ethanolic solution over a 5-month period when stored at 4 C. Shogaols are not native constituents of fresh ginger was reported by Hans Wohlmuth, David. N. Leach, Mike. K. Smith and Stephen P. Myers.

 Investigate of the potential of solvent extraction and determination of the

most efficient solvent for the extraction of 6- gingerol Effect of temperature on extraction Optimum solvent to ginger sample ratio For a semi-batch process, the effect of flow rate on extraction

 A paste was made of a weighted of peeled ginger sample with the help of a mortar. The paste was then transferred to the batch reactor, 100ml volume of solvent is poured into the reactor. The reactor is placed in the constant temperature bath setup and contents are stirred for a period of 1 hour. The solids are then allowed to settle and the liquid phase is centrifuged and analyzed by HPLC.

 Ginger shredded to a length of 3mm and thickness of 2mm Glass column of height 51cm, diameter 2cm and with a maximum volume of 100ml Column bottom outlet was plugged with cotton and glass beads up to a height of 5 cm Shredded ginger constituted the column bed, bed height of 20 cm Solvent poured from top inlet from an aspirator, flow rate controlled by pinch cock Keeping the bed height fixed, three different flow rates studied, samples collected at regular time intervals Samples analyzed by HPLC

The liquid phase extract after centrifugation is analyzed by HPLC ( Perkin Elmer Series 200 UV/Vis Detector) by injecting 30L of extract The operating conditions were: Column: C-18 & UV visual detector type Stationary Phase: Carbon 18 Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile : Water (9:1) Flow Rate: 1.0 ml/min Detector(wave length): 282 nm

Column Temp: 28C

Run Time: 9 minutes

 Standard dried ginger extract powder procurred from Salem, Tamil Nadu

5gm of standard centrifuged with 10ml of the respective solvent Centrifuged for a period of 30 minutes at a r.p.m of 2000. The liquid phase was analyzed by HPLC

For calibration curve above procedure was repeated for 4,3,2,1 gm of

standard powder with a resulting r2 = 0.984

Step 1: Solvent peak identified by HPLC

Solvent Peak

Step 2: 6-gingerol peak identified using the pure sample procured

Solvent peak

Pure 6-gingerol peak with area Apure

Step 3: area of 6-gingerol peak used to quantify amount of 6-gingerol extracted

Solvent Peak

6-gingerol peak in extract with area Aextract

Step 4: Percentage extraction is calculated

Percentage extraction = A extract X 100 A pure A pure quantifies the amount of 6-gingerol originally present in the raw ginger sample.

A extract quantifies the amount of 6-gingerol that has been extracted by the process.

Solvent Selection: Organic Solvents

Maximum extraction by Ethanol 19.48% followed by Iso Propanol with 14.08%.

Solvent Selection: Edible Oils

Maximum extraction by Sunflower oil 58.73 % followed by Ricebran oil with 51.13%

Effect of temperature on extraction by Sunflower Oil Constant Parameters: Ginger weight =20 gm, Solvent volume = 100 ml, r.p.m = 700

Maximum extraction of 68.74% was obtained at 10C

Effect of variation of Solvent (Sunflower Oil) to Sample ratio (ml/gm)

Constant Parameter: Temperature = 10 C, r.p.m = 700

Height of ginger bed = 20 cm, Solvent : Sunflower oil, Flow rate = 2 ml/min

Maximum extraction value of 59.62 % after 105 minutes, bed begins to get exhausted after 105 minutes

Height of ginger bed = 20 cm, Solvent : Sunflower oil, Flow rate = 5 ml/min

Maximum percentage extraction 37.70%, lower than for 2 ml/min but arrives earlier, after 90 minutes

Height of ginger bed = 20 cm, Solvent : Sunflower oil, Flow rate = 10 ml/min

Maximum percentage extraction of 30.81% after 60 minutes, bed begins to get exhausted faster

 Sunflower Oil showed best extraction characteristics among the various edible oils and organic solvents studied. Temperature of 10C gave good extraction results, as temperature is raised the extraction of 6-gingerol drops due to thermal degradation of the compound to its dehydrate form 6-shogaol. On varying the solvent to ginger sample ratio extraction curve shows an optimum ratio of near to 2.0 (ml/gm). Solvent flow rate of 2 ml/min gave higher extraction but at the expense of longer duration.

P. N. Ravindran, K. Nirmal Babu. (2004). Ginger: the genus Zingiber, CRC Press, 88. Harvey A. Schwertner, Deborah C. Rios. (2007). High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol and 6-shogaol in ginger-containing dietary supplements, spices, teas, and beverages. Journal of Chromatography B, (856), 4147. Yoshio Yonei and Hajime Ohinata. (1995). Extraction of Ginger Flavor with Liquid or Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 8, 156-161. R. D. Hiserodt, S. G. Franzblau, and R. T. Rosen. (1998). Isolation of 6-, 8-, and 10-Gingerol from Ginger Rhizome by HPLC and Preliminary Evaluation of Inhibition of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46, 2504-2508. F. Kjuchi, M. Shibuya, U. Sankawa. (1992). Inhibition of Prostaglandin and Leukotriene Biosynthesis by Gingerols and Diarylheptanoids, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, (Tokyo), 40 387.

Hyun Sook Leea, Eun Young Seob, Nam E Kangc, Woo Kyung Kimb. (2008) 6gingerol inhibits metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 19, 313319. D.J. Harvey. (1981) Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies of ginger constituents: Identification of gingerdiones and new hexahydrocurcumin analogues, Journal of Chromatography, 212, 75. C.C. Chen, C.T. Ho. (1986) Chromatographic analyses of isomeric shogaol compounds derived from isolated gingerol compounds of ginger (zingiber officinale roscoe), Journal of Chromatography, 360, 175. X. He, M.W. Bernart, L. Lian, L. Lin. (1998). High-performance liquid chromatographyelectrospray mass spectrometric analysis of pungent constituents of ginger, Journal of Chromatography, 796, 327. N. Shogi, A. Iwasa, T. Takemoto, Y. Ishida, Y. Ohizumi. (1982) Cardiotonic principles of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 711, 174. F. Borrelli, R. Capasso, G.Aviello, M.H. Pittler, A.A. Izzo. (2005), Effectiveness and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 105 849.