LAB EQUIPMENT

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Introduction
The

lab department is one of the most important departments in hospital because the doctor always need it to assess and diagnose the patient diseases.
lab usually contains several equipments used to perform tests such as :
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The

Microscope Blood Gas Analyzer Electrolyte Analyzer Blood Cell Counter Centrifuge Spectrophotometer

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Lab Department in hospital

The lab department is divided into sub departments (sections) where each section contains its special tools and equipment : Emergency lab Protein Department Lab Blood Bank Blood chemistry Department Immunology Department Histology Department

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Hematology Analyzer Blood Cell Counter

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Biological introduction
Human Blood consists of the following: Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets Plasma

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Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Consists of : Haemoglobin Water Normal Range Male 4.5 - 5.0 million/ml Female 4.0 - 4.5 million/ml Life Span = 120 days
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White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Types of WBCs: Neutrophils Lymphocytes Granulocytes - Monocytes -Eosinophils -Basophils

= 50% = 40% = = = 5 - 6% 2 - 3% 0.5 - 1%

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WBC Size:
Granulocytes 10 15 m Lymphocytes 10 16 m (large), 7 - 10 m (small) Monocytes 17 - 18 m Life Span: 10 - 14 days

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Platelets (PLTs)
Cell Size: 2 3 m Normal Range: 150.000 - 400.000 per l

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Hematology Analyzer is measure and determine several parameter

RBCs WBCs Hgb PLT HCT MCV : mean corpuscular volume MCH : mean corpuscular Hemoglobin

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MCHC : mean corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration MPV : mean platelet volume RDW : Red Blood Cell distribution width

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Hematology Reagents
Isotonic Solution (Diluents) Hemolysing Reagent Detergent (Cleaner)

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Principles of Operation

Diluting the blood sample The first step in cell counting is diluting the blood in an isotonic solution (Diluting) with diluted ratio 1:200 to measure WBCs and Hgb while the diluted ratio to RBCs and PLT is 1:40000

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Sysmex K 1000

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Sample Rotor Valve ( SRV )

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SRV

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Sample Flow

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WBCs

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RBCs/PLT

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Hgb

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SYSME X KX 21N

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WBC/ Hgb Analysis

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RBC/ PLT Analysis

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Celltac

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Sampling Unit

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Sampling Unit

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Measuring unit

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After diluted the sample and distribute it into two chambers (WBCs and RBCs chambers) the counting process is begin which depends on volumetric impedance technique.

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In this technique a fixed volume of diluted sample pass through an aperture , there are two electrodes one on each side of an aperture ( Internal and External Electrode) which establishes a constant current , when blood cells pass through the aperture create an impedance pulse which amplified and compare with threshold sitting to get the result.
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APERTUR

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Volumetric Impedance Technique

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Block Diagram

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NOTE :

In WBCs chambers use hemolysing reagent to breakdown the RBCs.

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Hgb Measuring
The spectrophotometer technique is use to measure Hgb after convert the Hgb iron from ferrous state Fe2+ to the other ferric state Fe2+3 by using hemolyzing Agent which contains potassium cyanide. In this technique an LED and photo sensor are mounted on opposite sides at the WBCs measurement bath.

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Spectrophotometer

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Spectrophotometer

Purpose : To determine solution concentration for quantitative analyses by measuring absorbance or transmission of characteristic wave lengths of radiant energy light by a chemical species in solution.

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Basic component of traditional spectrophotometer

Light Source Wave length monochromatro Focusing device Cuvette Photo detector (Photo Cell or Photo tube) Display or monitoring

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Principle of Operation

The light pass through monochromator that separate the lights in its component weave length, then the light pass through the samples, the amount of transmitted portion of radiant energy determine the concentration of the sample by photo detector which convert light energy to electrical energy that can be registered on a meter or digital readout.
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Thank you

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