Topic 2 Oscillators

Sudahkah anda mengisi COURSE ENTRANCE SURVEY? Hanya 4 orang sahaja yang mengisinya sehingga 16/1/2013
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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)

CLO1. explain correctly the principles of electronic circuits by using block diagram or circuit diagram (C4) CLO2. conduct the construction of electronic circuits application during practical works based on the theory and principle operation of the circuits. (P4) CLO3. deliver an oral presentation to display good communication skills. (A2)

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this topic students should be able to:

2.1

Draw block diagram of an oscillator

2.2

Explain requirements of oscillator circuit

2.3 2.4

Construct the oscillator circuit

Explain applications each oscillator

2.5

Compare the performance of the oscillator

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Oscillator
Oscillators are devices that can convert the DC voltage to AC voltage without any external source at a particular frequency.

Basic oscillator block diagram

Oscillator
Oscillator is divided into two classes depending on the waveform produced as follows: i. Harmonic oscillator - the sine wave. ii. Non-harmonic oscillator - in terms of the fourth wave, triangle wave, etc..

Oscillator

Oscillator circuit
All the basic oscillator circuit consists of three parts: i. Amplifier ii. Feedback iii. Frequency Generation Circuit

Block diagram of oscillator circuit

Question
Draw the block diagram of an oscillator and name each block

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Answer

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Amplifier
Generally, an amplifier or simply amp is a device for increasing the power of a signal. For electronic amplifier, the input "signal" is usually a voltage or a current. In this case oscillator requires DC power supply to produce output. That means this DC power supply is used as an input of the amplifier
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Feedback
Feedback is a condition where part of the output signal supplied to the input. Since the oscillator has no input signal, the feedback signal is the input signal to the amplifier in the oscillator circuit.

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Feedback
There are two principles of feedback, positive feedback and negative feedback. Oscillators using the principle of positive feedback.

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Concept feedback

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Feedback
Figure below shows the basic block diagram of a feedback system that are commonly used:

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Feedback

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An audio oscillator produces frequencies in the audio range, about 16 Hz to 20 kHz

Frequency generation circuit

Generally, the frequency of the oscillator circuit generation in consumer goods is divided into two categories: i. Audio frequency oscillator which generates: Oscillator Network RC (resistance-capacitor). It is to produce low and medium frequency signal. Example is the oscillator RC type oscillator phase shift and Wein bridge Oscillator.
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A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is an electronic oscillator that generates a frequency below 20 Hz. This term is typically used in the field of audio synthesizers, to distinguish it from an audio frequency oscillator.

Frequency generation circuit

ii. Radio frequency generating oscillator: Oscillator Networks LC (inductorcapacitor). It is also known as tank circuits. It is to produce a high frequency signal (> 1MHz), and usually it produces a stable frequency. LC oscillator is an example of Armstrong Oscillator, Colpitts, Hartley and crystal.
An RF oscillator produces signals in the radio frequency (RF) range of about 100 kHz to 19 100 GHz

RC Oscillator
Combination of resistors and capacitors. Operate in low frequency. Two types of RC oscillator: Phase shift oscillator Wein bridge oscillator

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LC Oscillator
Armstrong Oscillator Crystal Oscillator Hartley Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator

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LC Oscillator
Combination of inductor and capacitor. Operate in high frequency

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Armstrong Oscillator
Using a combination of a transformer to step the phase of 180.
FEEDBACK NETWORK FREQUENCY-DETERMINING DEVICE

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Operation
Resistors R1, R2 and R3 is usage to provide bias voltage to the transistor. Capacitors C1 and C2 are used to block an alternating signal. This configuration will provide 180 phase difference of output signal.
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Operation
The transformer Tr is selected to produce a phase shift of 180 to get the feedback voltage in phase with the input transistor. Usually the ratio between the coil windings L1 with L2 coil arranged. So that the product of the gain, A, with the feedback factor, , is a (| A| = 1).

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The frequency of oscillation

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Colpitts Oscillator
Using a separate capacitor for resonant circuit.

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Operation
Transistors and resistors R1, R2, R3 and R4 is a combination of amplifier circuit (amplifier manufacturers Common Voltage Divider bias technique). Capacitors C3 and C4 are used to intercept an alternating signal to the ground.

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Operation
The amplifier will provide 180 phase difference of the output signal. LC circuit in the feedback loop will produce a phase shift of 180. So the feedback voltage will be in phase with the input voltage on the transistor.

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The frequency of oscillation

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Example A Colpitts Oscillator circuit having two capacitors of 10pF and 100pF respectively are connected in parallel with an inductor of 10mH. Determine the frequency of oscillations of the circuit. The frequency of oscillations for a Colpitts Oscillator is given as:

The circuit consists of two capacitors in series, so the total capacitance is given as:

The inductor is of 10mH then the frequency of oscillation is:

Then the frequency of oscillations for the Oscillator is 527.8kHz

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Hartley Oscillator

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Hartley oscillator.
VCC R1 RFC vout L1 C1 R2 RE L2 R1

Using a tapped inductor for the resonant circuit

VCC RFC

fr

1 2 LPC1

LT L1 L2 1 fr 2 LT C1

vout C1 R2 RE LP

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Operation
Transistors and resistors R1, R2, R3 and R4 is a combination of amplifier circuit (amplifier manufacturers Common Voltage Divider bias technique). Inductance L1 and L2 are used to intercept an alternating signal to the ground

Intercept - memintas

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Operation
The amplifier will provide 180 phase difference of the output signal. LC circuit in the feedback loop will produce a phase shift of 180. So the feedback voltage will be in phase with the input voltage on the transistor.

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The frequency of oscillation

The Hartley oscillator was extensively used on all broadcast bands including the FM 88-108 MHz band.

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Example A Hartley Oscillator circuit having two individual inductors of 0.5mH each, are designed to resonate in parallel with a variable capacitor that can be varied from 100pF to 500pF. Determine the upper and lower frequencies of oscillation and also the Hartley oscillators bandwidth. The frequency of oscillations for a Hartley Oscillator is given as:

The circuit consists of two inductive coils in series, so the total inductance is given as:

Lower Frequency

Upper Frequency

Oscillator Bandwidth

Question
With reference to Figure below, i. Name the type of oscillator ii. Calculate the oscillation frequency of the circuit. iii. Name the components that affect the oscillation frequency

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Answer

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Crystal oscillator

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Crystal oscillator
The most stable oscillator and precisely using a piezoelectric crystal in the feedback circuit. When an alternating voltage applied to these crystals, the mechanical vibrations and these vibrations occur with the natural resonance frequency depends on the thickness of the crystal. To obtain a high frequency crystal to be thinner.
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Crystal oscillator
Electrical properties of crystals can be expressed with resonant circuit in Figure below. Inductance Lh represents the electrical equivalent of the mass of the crystal. Capacitance, Ch represents the elasticity of crystals, Rh represents the frictional resistance in the crystal structure. Cm represents the capacitance of the capacitor crystal loaded containers.
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Represents the capacitance of the capacitor Cm crystal loaded containers.

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The frequency of oscillation

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Crystal oscillator
Wide frequency range (depending on the size of the crystal) are often used in the emitter circuit

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Example A series resonant crystal has the following values after being cut, R = 1k, C = 0.05pF and L = 3H. Calculate the fundamental frequency of oscillations of the crystal. The frequency of oscillations for Crystal Oscillators is given as:

Then the fundamental frequency of oscillations for the crystal is given as

Phase shift oscillator

Phase shift oscillator comprising an amplifier and feedback network with three RC circuit.

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Phase shift oscillator

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Operation
The output signal from the amplifier different phase 180o with the input signal. To generate a positive feedback signal, the output signal phase should be shifted by 180o to be in phase with the input. RC network to produce a phase shift of 180o RC network where each one will transfer phase by 90o.
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If all the resistors, R and the capacitors, C in the phase shift network are equal in value, then the frequency of oscillations produced by the RC oscillator is given as:

Where:

is the Output Frequency in Hertz R is the Resistance in Ohms C is the Capacitance in Farads N is the number of RC stages. (in our example N = 3)

Example
Determine the frequency of oscillations of a RC Oscillator circuit having 3-stages each with a resistor and capacitor of equal values. R = 10k and C = 500pF The frequency of oscillations for a RC Oscillator is given as:

The circuit is a 3-stage oscillator which consists of three 10k resistors and three 500pF capacitors therefore the frequency of oscillation is given as:

THE END

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