MULTI-OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS OF A

PRODUCTION-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

By
Yasoda sreeram kalluri
M120408ME
Guide:
Dr. Vinay V Panicker
Outline of Presentation
Introduction
Recapitulation of First review presentation
Glimpse of present work
Mathematical model
Artificial immune systems


27/11/2013 1
Introduction
In manufacturing industries such as automotive
and electronics, distribution cost constitute one
of the largest cost components.
This trend has created a closer interaction
between the different stages of a supply chain,
which increased the practical usefulness of the
coordinated decision models.
This work deals with the coordination of
production and distribution functions in a supply
chain

27/11/2013 2
Introduction cont..
Production and distribution operations are the
two most important operational functions in a
supply chain
In order to achieve the optimal operational
performance in a supply chain, it is critical to
integrate production and distribution
functions
Multi-objectives are obvious in most of the
practical decision making problems
27/11/2013 3
Introduction cont..
In a supply chain, cost and service level are
the two main objectives of interest which are
conflicting in nature
These types of conflicting objectives require
multi-objective analysis
27/11/2013 4
Recap of First review ..
The production distribution problem specified
in Cakici et al. (2011) is adopted for study
The mathematical model present in that
problem is modeled in an optimization
modelling software, LINGO 11.0
Global optimum solution was found
Analyzed the results obtained



27/11/2013 5
Problem definition
Make-to-order production-distribution system
with one manufacturer and one or more
customers. Customers places orders to
manufacturer. Orders are received by
manufacturer are processed on a single
production line and delivered to the customer
according to the weight associated with the
order.

27/11/2013 6
Recap of First review cont



27/11/2013 7
1 1
4
=11
2
W=9, p=3
2
T=4
1
3
W=7, p=5
3
T=3
3
=8
4
W=6, p=7
4
T=2
2
=5
5 5 5
Manufacturer Trip s Customers

S
C
H
E
D
U
L
E

Further work in first review
To incorporate the routing for delivery of
orders to customers instead assigning one
vehicle to each trip whether it is assigned or
not. Accomplished
Search for an efficient heuristic to get near
optimal solution within less computational
time. Accomplished
To incorporate heterogeneous fleet of
vehicles instead of homogeneous fleet.
27/11/2013 8
Present work
Formulated the constraints for routing from
manufacturer to customers by considering the
capacity of vehicles
Presenting basic concepts of the proposed
meta-heuristic algorithm based on immune
systems
Algorithm is illustrated by an example


27/11/2013 9
Mathematical model
Mathematical model
The mathematical model for an integrated analysis
of production-distribution systems adopted from
Cakici et al.(2011)
Notations used
J set of orders such that J {1, 2 . . . n}
B set of vehicle trips such that B {1, 2 . . . n}
n total number of trips or orders
capacity of a vehicle


27/11/2013 10
Notations
-time required to perform trip I,j J
-distribution cost for trip k B
-time at which order j J finishes its required
processing
-time at which k B starts its delivery
-time job j J is delivered
-processing time of the order j J


27/11/2013 11

ij

dc
k

C
j

S
k

p
j
Notations
-penalty associated with order j J
-tardiness associated with job j J
-volume or size of order j J
-due date of order j J
-time taken by trip associated with job j J
-cumulative time taken by trip associated
with job j J
27/11/2013 12
pen
j

Tar
j

v
j

d
j
q
j
r
j

Notations
=1, if job i J immediately precedes job j J
=0, otherwise.
=1, if job j J is assigned to trip k B
=0, otherwise.
=1, if trip b B is performed
=0, otherwise
=1, if truck moves from job i J to job j J by
vehicle k B
=0, otherwise.

27/11/2013 13
x
ij
y
jk
z
k
w
ijk

Mathematical model
Objective function: The objective of this
production-distribution problem is to
minimize the total weighted tardiness(TWT) of
all the jobs and total transportation cost(TC)
of all deliveries.
Minimize

27/11/2013 14
Z pen
j
j; j J
Tar
j
+ 1
( )
z
k
k;k B
dc
k
Mathematical model cont..
Subjected to constraints
1. Jobs are assigned to single production line with a
unique predecessor and a unique successor


1. In order to process job j immediately after job i ,
job i completed processing time units before
job j



27/11/2013 15
x
ij
j J; j i
1, i J
x
ji
j J; j i
1, i J
p
j
C
i
C
j
+ p
j
1 x
ij
( )
M, j J, i J, j 0, i j.
Mathematical model cont..
3. Jobs are assigned to one of the available trips
that are associated with same customer

4. Vehicle capacity constraint

5. A vehicle cannot start its delivery until all jobs in
the corresponding batch have finished their
processing
27/11/2013 16
y
jk
1, j J : j, k
( )
A,
k2
n

v
j
y
jk
, k B: j, k
( )
A,
j2
n

S
k
C
i
(1 y
ik
)M, i J, k B: i 0, i, k
( )
A
Mathematical model cont..
6. is the delivery start time plus transportation
time time

7. Each possible trip should be performed if any job
is assigned to it

6. The tardiness of the jobs is calculated using the
following relationship
27/11/2013 17

i
S
k
+
k
y
ik
1 y
ik
( )
M, i J, k B: i 0, i, k
( )
A
n
k
z
k
y
ik,
k B,
i:(i,k) A
n

T
j

j
d
j
, j J.
Routing constraints
To accommodate routing in above model the
new constraints formulated in the place of 6
th

constraint are

1. These constraint ensures routing between
manufacturer and customers



27/11/2013 18
w
ijk
y
jk
j
i J, k B
w
jik
y
ik
i
j J, k B
Routing constraints cont..
2. These constraints ensures all vehicles start from
manufacturing nodes and comes back


3. This constraint calculate transportation times
from manufacturer to customer and customer to
customer
27/11/2013 19
w
1jk
y
jk
j
k B
w
j1k
j
y
jk
k B
q
j

ij
w
ijk
1 w
ijk
( )
M i, j J, k B
Routing constraints cont..
4. This constraint calculates transportation time
cumulatively for customers assigned to vehicle

5. is the delivery start time plus the transportation
time

27/11/2013 20
r
i
r
j
+q
j
1 w
ijk
( )
M i, j J, k B

j
s
k
+r
j
1 y
jk
( )
M j J, k B
Artificial immune systems
Immunity refers to the condition in which an
organism can resist diseases, more specifically
infectious diseases.
In broader sense it is the reaction to foreign
substances
Mammals have developed a robust defense
system called immune system to deal with
foreign and potentially dangerous substances.

27/11/2013 21
Immune systems consists of a set of organs,
cells, and molecules; and their coordinated
response in the presence of foreign substance
is known as immune response
Non infectious external substance also
generate immune response
Immune system is the third line of defense
against infection
27/11/2013 22
Scope of AIS
27/11/2013 23
0
10
20
Immunology terms
Pathogen: An disease causing infectious agent
Antigen: Molecules from a pathogen or
foreign organism that provoke a specific
immune response
Antibody: These are proteins that recognize
and bind to a particular antigen with very high
specificity

27/11/2013 24
Layers of the immune system
The immune system can be envisioned as a
multilayer system each consists of different
types of defense mechanisms
The three main layers of immune system are
Anatomic barrier(first line of defense)
Innate immunity(second line of defense) and
Adaptive immunity(third line of defense)

27/11/2013 25
Defense mechanisms
Biological defense mechanisms are classified as
specific and nonspecific
Non specific: It produces the same type of response
independent of the pathogen that enters into the body
Specific: Its response is based on recognizing particular
pathogen
27/11/2013 26
Layers of the immune system
27/11/2013 27
Phagocyte
Adaptive
immune
response
Lymphocytes
Innate
immune
response
Biochemical
barriers
Skin
Pathogens
First and second line of defense
It is composed of the skin and surface of the
mucous membrane
Skin prevents the eruption of most pathogens
and inhibits bacterial growth because of low
pH
Innate immunity refers to all defense
mechanisms against foreign pathogens that
individuals are born with



27/11/2013 28
Adaptive immunity
Third line of defense
This is immunity that an organism develops
during lifetime
This may be acquired naturally or artificially
Natural acquired immunity: Obtained in the
course of daily life
Artificially acquired immunity: Obtained by
receiving a vaccine or immune serum

27/11/2013 29
Cells in immune system
Immune system is
composed of variety
of cells
The cells actively
takes part in
generating response
are
Innate immunity
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Adaptive immunity
B cells
T cells



27/11/2013 30
BONE MARROW
Stem cell
Immature
lymphocytes
Via
blood
Antigen
receptors
B cell
HUMORAL
IMMUNITY
CELL-
MEDIATED
IMMUNITY
T cell
THYMUS
Via
blood
OTHER PARTS
OF THE
LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
Lymph nodes,
spleen, and other
lymphatic organs
Final
maturation of
B and T cells
in lymphatic
organ
Thymus
Types of adaptive immunity
Humoral immunity or antibody mediated
immunity:
Involves production of antibodies against foreign
antigens
Anti bodies are produced by a subset of
lymphocytes called B-cells
B-cells that are stimulated will actively secrete
antibodies and are called plasma cells
Provides defense against that circulate freely into
body fluids before entering into cells

27/11/2013 31
Types of adaptive immunity cont..
Cellular immunity or cell-mediated immunity:
Involves specialized set of lymphocytes called T
cells
These T cells recognize foreign antigens on the
surface of the cells, organisms, or tissues
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
T cells regulate proliferation and activity of other
cells of the immune system
27/11/2013 32
Epitopes
Small part of an antigen that interacts with an
antibody.
Any given antigen may have several epitopes.
Each epitope is recognized by a different
antibody (B cell receptor)
Many receptors may bind to pathogen
epitopes results high affinity towards
pathogen otherwise affinity is less
If affinity exceeds certain threshold it results
in immune response
27/11/2013 33
Epitopes
27/11/2013 34
Epitope cont..

27/11/2013 35
Clonal selection
The receptors present on the surface B cell
binds to an antigen this B cell gets stimulated
to undergo proliferation and differentiation
This process is called clonal selection because
antigen binding drives a particular cell for
clonal expansion
The B cells that are generated becomes either
memory cell or plasma cell
27/11/2013 36
Immunological memory
After initial exposure to the antigen, no
antibodies(plasma cells) are found in serum for
several days
This initial encounter to antigen is called primary
response
When the immune system has been exposed to
an antigen for a second time it reacts quickly and
rigorously, this is called second immune response
This rapid production of plasma cells upon
antigens is due to presence of memory cells


27/11/2013 37
PRIMARY RESPONSE
(initial encounter
with antigen)
Antigen
Antigen receptor on a B cell
Antigen binding
to a B cell
Memory B cell
Antibody
molecules
Plasma cell
Cell growth,
division, and
differentiation
SECONDARY RESPONSE
(can be years later)
Cell growth,division, &
further differentiation
Larger clone of cells
Plasma cell
Antibody
molecules
Later
exposure
to same
antigen
Memory B cell
Clone of cells
27/11/2013 38

27/11/2013 39
Antibody response after exposure to
antigen

Antigen Ag
1

Antigens
Ag
1
, Ag
2

Primary Response Secondary Response
Lag
Response
to Ag
1

A
n
t
i
b
o
d
y

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

Time
Lag
Response
to Ag
2

Response
to Ag
1

...
...
Cross-Reactive
Response
...



...
Antigen
Ag
1
+ Ag
3

Response to
Ag
1
+ Ag
3

Lag
27/11/2013 40
Affinity maturation
It is a process of maturation and selection that
occurs among stimulated B cells
Variation is achieved by mutation
The selection among the cloned B cells is
performed to better match the pathogen at hand
Finally, affinity maturation leads to the
production of a pool of antibody secreting
plasma cells and a pool of memory cells
27/11/2013 41
Apoptosis
Apoptosis refers to a programmed cell death,
the bodys normal method of disposing
damaged, unwanted or unneeded cells
27/11/2013 42
Clonal Selection CLONALG
1. Initialisation
2. Antigenic presentation
a. Affinity evaluation
b. Clonal selection and expansion
c. Affinity maturation
d. Metadynamics
3. Cycle
CLONALG
1. Initialisation
2. Antigenic presentation
a. Affinity evaluation
b. Clonal selection and
expansion
c. Affinity maturation
d. Metadynamics
3. Cycle
Create a random
population of
individuals (P)
CLONALG
1. Initialisation
2. Antigenic presentation
a. Affinity evaluation
b. Clonal selection and
expansion
c. Affinity maturation
d. Metadynamics
3. Cycle
For each antigenic
pattern in the data-
set S do:
CLONALG
1. Initialisation
2. Antigenic presentation
a. Affinity evaluation
b. Clonal selection and
expansion
c. Affinity maturation
d. Metadynamics
3. Cycle
Repeat step 2 until a
certain stopping
criteria is met
CLONALG
1. Initialisation
2. Antigenic presentation
a. Affinity evaluation
b. Clonal selection and
expansion
c. Affinity maturation
d. Metadynamics
3. Cycle
Present it to the
population P and
determine its affinity with
each element of the
population
CLONALG
1. Initialisation
2. Antigenic presentation
a. Affinity evaluation
b. Clonal selection and
expansion
c. Affinity maturation
d. Metadynamics
3. Cycle
Select n highest affinity
elements of P
Generate clones proportional
to their affinity with the
antigen
(higher affinity=more clones)
1. Initialisation
2. Antigenic
presentation
a. Affinity evaluation
b. Clonal selection and
expansion
c. Affinity maturation
d. Metadynamics
3. Cycle
CLONALG
Mutate each clone
High affinity=low mutation rate
and vice-versa
Add mutated individuals to
population P
Reselect best individual to be
kept as memory m of the
antigen presented
CLONALG
1. Initialisation
2. Antigenic presentation
a. Affinity evaluation
b. Clonal selection and
expansion
c. Affinity maturation
d. Metadynamics
3. Cycle
Replace a number r of
individuals with low affinity with
randomly generated new ones
CLONALG
1. Initialisation
2. Antigenic presentation
a. Affinity evaluation
b. Clonal selection and
expansion
c. Affinity maturation
d. Metadynamics
3. Cycle
Repeat step 2 until a
certain stopping
criteria is met
Further work

27/11/2013 52
Conclusions

27/11/2013 53