Grammar Aspects in Translation

Words are used in a certain grammatical form that are arranged in sentences in a particular syntactic order. Gr forms/structures, provide for the correct arrangement of words in the text, also convey some info which is part of its total contents.

 They reveal the semantic relationships between the words/clauses/sentences in the text, make prominent some part of T that is of particular significance. Though the bulk of the info in the T is conveyed by its lexical elements, the semantic role of Gr !/ tr should not be overlooked by the translator.

 "mportance of the G# aspects of the T is often reflected in the choice of the parallel forms and structures in T$% They fight for civil and political rights and the right to vote. !"#$ %&'$#$ %( %( &. )i l*pta pentr* drept*rile civile i politice i drept*l de a vota.

 &'uivalence in T# can be best achieved if the translator does not try to mirror the G# forms in the T. There are no permanent G# e'uivalents and the translator can choose between the parallel forms and various G# transformations.

 /he may opt for the latter as there is never an absolute identity between the meaning and usage of the parallel forms in $ and T$.

 Gr. form gives the word combination a uni'ue G# meaning% )+.to the school, from the school. -e thre. the /all to me/at me. The grammatical meaning the meaning of a grammatical unit, be it a sentence, a suffix or a prefix.

The definite article the in &n is translated into Ro by adding the s*ffi+ 0ul, -a, -i, -el, -ele, -lor to the word root(definite articles in Ro: 1 spo2e to the post3an. 4 )* a3 vor/it c* po5ta5ul. A book )o carte A pupil(un elev

 Ru. A.The &n. indefinite article apointing out The only sensi/le sol*tion in the 6iddle )ast is a peace .hich .o*ld .ithdra. 1sraeli troops. 7"($$ 89$ $:$$ &!$(' (%0; , #<= $%$'& < (<(" &>#? (=#.

 B. belonging to a well(known family% -e is a Kenne !" # $%& '%((%)" C. one person from many% -e .as introd*ced to a *r +lac," <& %$"(&$ (%%./0-.

 TR of the &n nouns into Ro/Ru, we must consider here * types of nouns differing from all others in the way of number% sin1ularia tantum nouns 2ne.s, l*ggage, infor3ation, 3oney3 pluralia tantum nouns +scissors, shorts, tongs,

 The co*nsellor@s a 4ice 5as al.ays e+cellent. 6faturile consilier*l*i erau Antotdea*na e+celente. 7u" 8%%()9 2:;%<3 ($# ($ " =</ %$(?"<9.

 -ere is the ne5s a/o*t the teenage cri3e in the BCD that is on the increase. Dcestea sunt >tirile despre cri3ele co3ise de adolescenEi din CBD care s*nt An cre5tere. 7u" F#(< ( %$8%&$?, ($:$<? %"#9 ( GHI, #&'$( #<? ($.

 &n. The binoculars are on the desk #o. -inoclul este pe masa.

"n Ro there is no absolute e'uivalent for the English Present Perfect tense +1 have done, or .ast .erfect tense +1 had done,. 1 ha4e not seen hi3. J*0l 4?@usem pKnL astLMi.(mai mult ca perfectul J* l-am 4?@ut pKnL astLMi.( perfectul compus

 An Nerfect for3s, 7u perfective ver/sO 1 ha4enBt finishe yet. 4 P %C% (% #(D/" Qy the ti3e .e got there the rain ha stoppe " E R 98 ($9$, ## 9< "&> 8", "!"> 8!$ F%/$G" techniS*e of co3pensation and e+tension /y introd*cing adver/s i3plying co3pletionO -H%, %C%,

 Past Perfect En Ro-mai mult ca perfectul When he got to the theatre, the show had already started. /0nd a a1uns la teatru, spectacolul de1a ncepuse.

 Past Perfect more fre'uently met in En than in Ro Nerfect*l co3p*s is sometimes used in Ro with the meaning of mai mult ca perfectulI The passengers got o*t as soon as the train ha stoppe " Nasagerii a* co/orAt de AndatL ce s-a oprit"

 Past Perfect forms may also be indifferent to these aspective nuances, referring to an action prior to some other action or a past moment. 1 hoped he ha rea that /oo2. TU P "$&, ' D/ ;8 # 8, TU P "$&, ' T8!$U FD/ ;8 # 8.

 "t is not infre'uent that .erfect tenses re'uire lexical compensation in T#% -e ha Jeen a captain. 4 'K)- =</ #%9.

 The same Ro tense% " read books every day " am reading books now " ha!e "een reading books for two hours &u citesc ) indicati!ul pre#ent

 Ru: imperfecti!e forms: 2 $%&'( 34565 3789:; 9<4= 2 $%&'( 34565 ><;?7> 2 $%&'( 34565 @8< * ?7>7

 .rogressive tenses, denoting temporary continuous actions, the Ru imperfective form% -e first /eca3e interested in dra3a .hen he 5as 5or,in1 a/road. 4 (%$(<$ $$(& "98 $=, # " =/ V$=. R) perfectul simplu Ae was reading a book last night. /itea o carte aseara.

*e+uence of tenses. This G# phenomenon is very rigid in &n. Ae said he ,ould go there &l a spus cB !a pleca acolo. C4 >37D7E, ?FG -./01 23 F@97 Ae said that he had a lot of work &l a spus cB are multB treabB. C4 45'6'1, ?FG @ 4<6G 231. H4G6G I7JGF:

 Conditional clauses
7f he comes, he ,ill help us. KacB !a !eni, ne !a a8uta L>E5 G4 -9%:0&, G4 47H -.;.<0&.

Temporal clauses
When he comes, he ,ill help us. /0nd !a !eni , ne !a a8uta. MG697 G4 -9%:0&, G4 47H -.;.<0&.

 The *u"8uncti!e 77 translated con iLionalul present or conMuncti4ul into #o. We 5ish the proXect attache special i3portance to interc*lt*ral ed*cationY Zori3 ca proiect*l s? acor e o i3portanEL deose/itL AnvLEL3Ant*l*i interc*lt*ralY

 C*ppose the Dsse3/ly i not assist in crisis 3anage3ent thro*gho*t )*rope. ZacL c*3va Dd*narea nu ar contriJui la sol*Eionarea criMelor din )*ropa[

 Ru. /onstructions with the N.ish@( clauses often re'uire antonymous translation% 1 .ish she 5ere here. 4 \&>, ' $$ "$> (%" 1 .ish yo* ha not sai it to hi3. 4 \&>, ' < $98 ; $#/"

 with negation The negotiators ,ish they ha not put their signature to the document.. O?7>F4535 >GP<Q745R 4.<'10(& ?FG F$;/ >PG5 SG9S5>5 SG9 9G3@H<4FGH..

 7N -conMuncti4ul perfect" The president .ishes .e ha concentrate on the develop3ent of econo3ic co3petitivenessY Nre5edintele dore5te s? ne fi concentrat atenLia as*pra deMvoltLrii conc*renEei econo3iceY.

 =nreal Conditional Clauses Ro condiEional*l "f " had money now, " ,ould "u> a castle. KacB as a!ea bani acum, a? cump@ra un castel. ]ondiEional*l perfect "f " had had money last year, " ,ould ha!e "ought something. KacB as fi a!ut bani anul trecut, mi-a? fi cump@rat un castel.

 =nreal Conditional Clauses to compensate the &n verb form by some modifier indicating time% 1f she 5ere in Je. ^or2, she 5oul certainly call yo*. 4 7& =< $%D$ =</ ( _>`0a#$, =<, #$', %(& (9. 1f yo* had follo.ed yo*r father@s advice and gone into the ar3y, yo* .o*ld pro/a/ly /e a colonel /y no.. 4 7& < < K) %&8:& ($ ($ V %:$& < ( 9`, $=' <, (9!, =</ =< 8!$ %&#(#9

 Passi!e Constructions .assive constructions usually have e'uivalent functions in &nglish and #omanian% &x.% The /oo2 5as 5ritten in bcdc. ) ]artea a fost scris? An bcdc. -#eflexive Toice in Ro Uuch progress has "een made. *-au f@cut mari progrese.

ometimes PA forms can be translated with the help of acti!e !oice constructions. This port can Je entere /y s3all ships only. ) Zoar vase 3ici pot intra An acest port. Dcest port este eschis doar pentr* vase 3ici.

 The intransitive verbs with prepositions are translated by passive voice, reflexive(passive forms% The children ,ere ,ell looBed after. /opiii au fost bine ngri8iCi. V doctor has "een sent for. Au trimis/s-a trimis dupB doctor.

 Ru. .T is more fre'uently used in &n than in #u. We ha!e "een in!ited to a public reception. W: 231% -9%D1'/0E3 47 GX5Y57E=4:; SI5<H. Z7> -9%D1'4%1% 47 GX5Y57E=4:; SI5<H.

 indirect passive% -e 5as 1i4en the /oo2. 798 )/ ;8 # 8. 0#u active voice verb in the impersonal sentence. c, prepositional passive% The article 5as not referre to" 4 _ ;8 >` (% $$<//$&" #ussian impersonal sentence is also with the active verb.

 d, adverbial passive% The roo3 hasnBt Jeen li4e in" e #9$ # $ H/f(% H;%" #ussian, the passive construction is substituted by an active one, sometimes a sub1ect of the sentence is introduced.

 7nfiniti!e "nfinitive constructions, in contrast to &n, are not fre'uently used in #o. Con8uncti!ul in the impersonal form is used in #o. 1t is diffic*lt to un erstan hi3. ) ) gre* s?-l OnLele1i. L6G FI@94G SG4RF=.

 ger*nd or conX*nctiv*l 1 sa. her lea4e the office. 6he .as seen to lea4e the office. D fost vaM*ta parasin ofici*l. We .ere allo.ed to 1o to the conference. Ji s0a per3is s? mer1em la conferinEL.

 Ru. 7nfiniti!e introduced by for +for( phrase,, [.with infinitive in subordinate clause *.re'uires a complete restructuring of the entence The tide had flowed too far for Ur Wallace to re4erse it" \GJ:F5R I7DP5P7E5>= F73 >FI<H5F<E=4G, ?FG OGEE<> 4< HG6 -.F09EG&H 5] F4-I&H.

 the ways of translating &n infinitives % by the infinitive% To err is h*3an. 4 g$&($#8 (=($ P=&$G" by the noun% The /est .ay to ma,e children good is to 3a2e the3 happy. 4 h8':= % ;$F(G ?:? "$$= 4 ; "$&> ? '&(<9.

 /y the participleO The pro/le3 to Je consi ere in ]hapter i is concerned .ith the article. 4 e%, $$;%< ( &($ i, #$ #&. /y the cla*seO e%, < =-)% $$%( ( &($ i, #$ #&. /y ho3ogeneo*s ver/sO -e .ent to D*stralia to fall sic2 there. 4 %$?& ( I(&` 9 #=/%/.

 &n Participle 7 and Participial Constructions into #o .articiple " in &n (attribute and in this case it is rendered into #o by an ad1ective% Jo co*ntry is capable of surmounting these pressin1 pro/le3s on its o.n. Jici o EarL n* este in stare sL reMolve aceste pro/le3e ap?s?toare 2presante3 de *na sing*rL.

 a gerund into #o. Qor,in1 .ith other ]o*ncil of )*rope /odies, the ]o33issioner can s*/3it a report, reco33endation or opinion on a specific 3atter .. RucrOn i3pre*nL c* alte instit*Eii ale ]), co3isar*l poate adresa *n raport, o reco3andare sa* *n aviM as*pra oricLrei chesti*ni speciale

 Participle 7 translated by subordinate clauses% [, attributive clauses% The r*les 1o4ernin1 this monitorin1 proce ure also contain a n*3/er of g*aranties for its transparency. jeg*lile care 1u4ernea@? aceast? proce ur? e monitori@are conEin *n n*3Lr de garanEii pentr* transparenEa sa.

 .erfect .articiple translated into #o either by mai mult ca perfectul or by perfectul compus" Sa4in1 raft the Auropean Ton4ention on Tinemato1raphic To-pro uction, the ]*lt*re ]o33ittee has finaliMed a conventionY Ueoarece elaJorase / up? ce a elaJorat Ton4enLia Auropean? pri4in copro ucLia cinemato1rafic?, ]o3itet*l pentr* c*lt*rL a pregLtit ]onvenEiaY.

 &n .articiple )#u .articiple The 3ain pro/le3 is risin1 prices. 4 ( %&$9 4 $-C% V$<. 7isin1 cri3e has driven 3any fa3ilies o*t of do.nto.n areas. 4 V#$P 8($> %$8% (<8"& 9 $ $9> 8$?> V$ ". The ]hair3an, ha4in1 risen fro3 his seat, .as /eginning to spea2. 4 k!$ ;$;P ($ 9$ %$"$"$&> '& (` $'>.

 Ru. attri"uti!e clause The statement saying that both sides are to abide by the cease(fire resolution was signed by most of the delegates. ^7RPE<45<, ; K;$G, ?FG GJ< >FGIG4: 9GE84: SI59<I85P7F=>R I<DGE_Y55 G SI<3I7Q<455 G64R, J:EG, SG9S5>74G JGE=`54>FPGH 9<E<67FGP.

 Gerun A ressin1 the gathering, the minister stressed the importance of peace talks. J29'K'I4H 3 >GJI7P`5H>R, H545>FI SG9?<I34@E D47?<45< H5I4:] S<I<6GPGIGP.

 )"8ect clause Vt the cemetery mourners knocked over tombstones in their frantic effort to watch the /ody Jein1 lo5ere into the earth. Z7 3E79J5Q< SI5>@F>FPGP7P`5< 47 SG]GIG47] SIGF7E35P7E5>= PS<I<9, GSIG359:P7R 4796IGJ4:< SE5F:, P GF?7R44G; SGS:F3< SIGJ5F=>R SGJE58<, ?FGJ: P59<F=, F-$W ; #%/W K= $ %/ F(K"

 English Lerund into Romanian no*n or an infinitive. Xromotin1 the )*ropean principles of eS*ality, non0discri3ination, tolerance and peacef*l co0e+istence Y.. Xromo4area principiilor e*ropene de egalitate non0descri3inare, toleranEL si co0e+istenEL pa5nicL Y. An in1 violence against .o3en in the fa3ily is the responsi/ility of everyone. A pune cap?t violenEei A3potriva fe3eilor An fa3ilie este responsa/ilitatea fiecLr*ia.

 The co3pany pai for eYpan in1 the e+port activities. ]o3pania a achitat / a pl?tit pentru e@4oltarea activitLEilor de e+port. The co3pany pai to eYpan the e+port activities. ]o3pania a pl?tit pentru a e@4olta activitLEile de e+port

 Perfect Lerund translated by 3ai 3*lt ca perfect*l We than2ed hi3 for ha4in1 ha the initiative. 10a3 3*lE*3it cL iniEiativa fusese a l*i.

 jB. the no*nO D .o3an@s idea of 2eeping a secret is refusin1 to tell .ho told it. 4 l$"(&$$ !$m< 9, ## " ?> $#$, 0 ; # m>, # $= $ #&. the infinitiveO There@s nothing 3ore tragic in life than the *tter i3possi/ility of chan1in1 .hat yo* have done. 4 _$ '$ '$$ ( !, '$9 &` $(9!> #%(& , ' < "$&&.

 the adverbial participle% nearn to s.i3 J! s5immin1. 4 k'> %&(>, F/;G. the clause% 1 a3 al.ays ready to learn, /*t 1 do not al.ays li2e Jein1 tau1ht" T]h*rchillU 4 P ($ " ( 8'>, 9$ $ ($ " (>, K) %(G -D.

 The gerundial construction is always translated by the clause% -e .as a3*sed at m! Jecomin1 so i3patient .ith hi3. 4 8"(& 98, ' G $/ # $$%$&( 9. -e stayed there .itho*t o*r ,no5in1 it. 4 & 9, 9< )H% (% #(/ = 0"

 Mord )rder "n &nglish the Wa is very strict, while in Ro/Ru it is much more flexible. "n English it is impossible to begin a sentence with an ob1ect, verb(predicate which is 'uite acceptable in Ro/Ru. oac2 ca3e at si+ o@cloc2. Ra ora >ase a venit oac2. ) b `<>F= SI5`<E c8<3.