Unit 5.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
A. TYPES OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 1. Time Clause

2. Place Clause
3. Manner, Distance, and Frequency Clauses 4. Reason Clauses

5. Result Clauses
6. Purpose Clauses 7. Concession Clauses 8. Contrast Clauses B. PRACTICE

Types 1. TIME

Subordinators WHEN, WHENEVER, WHILE, AS SOON AS, AFTER, SINCE, AS, BEFORE, UNTIL

Examples As she grew older she gained in confidence. She had been worrying ever since the letter arrived. You can ask for help whenever you need it. Until she spoke I hadnt realized she wasnt English. Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her. Her cat followed her everywhere she went. Where people were concerned, his threshold of boredom was low.

2. PLACE

WHERE, ANYWHERE, WHEREVER, EVERYWHERE

3. DISTANCE/ FREQUENCY MANNER

AS + ADVERB + AS AS, AS IF, AS THOUGH

Its not as hard as I thought. He behaved as if nothing had happened.

4. REASON

BECAUSE, AS, SINCE

We thought that, since we were in the area, wed stop by and see them.

5. RESULT

SO + ADJECTIVE + THAT SO + ADVERB + THAT SUCH A(N) + NOUN PHRASE + THAT SO + MUCH/ MANY/ FEW/ LITTLE + NOUN PHRASE + THAT SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT

She spoke so quietly (that) I could hardly hear her.

6. PURPOSE

All those concerned must work together in order that agreement can be reached on this issue.

7. CONCESSION/ Unexpected Result

ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, THOUGH

I like her, even though she can be annoying at times.

WHILE, WHEREAS 8. CONTRAST/ Direct Opposition

Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not.

1. Time Clause
when, whenever, while, as soon as, after, since, as, before, until
FINITE CLAUSES (verb is in particular tenses) NON-FINITE CLAUSES (verb is not in particular tenses) - Ing/ - ed/ prepositional/ adjective phrase
I often read a book when traveling by train. When finished, the hospital will be opened by the Prime Minister. When in Paris, you should visit the Louvre. You should take exercise whenever possible.

I often read a book when I am traveling by train. When the hospital is finished, it will be opened by the Prime Minister. When Youre in Paris, you should visit the Louvre. You should take exercise whenever it is possible.

2. Place Clause
where, anywhere, wherever, everywhere
FINITE CLAUSES
Everywhere I went, people were angry or

NON-FINITE CLAUSES
Help must be given wherever possible.

suspicious.
In Bali, wherever you go, you come across ceremonies. He said he was happy where he was. Every place we went, we saw a fast food restaurant.

He follows me everywhere interesting.

Tell me your trouble wherever necessary.

3. Manner, Distance, and Frequency Clauses

as + adverb + as, as, as if, as though, like, as, much as, just as
FINITE CLAUSES
I don't know why he behaves as he does.

NON-FINITE CLAUSES
As if to remind him, the church clock struck

She treats him as though he was her own son.

She looks as if she was crying. He drives as carefully as his father. They are endeavoring to disguise this fact much as the former President did. You can get there just as cheaply by air as by train.

eleven.
He ran off to the house as if escaping. He shook his head as though dazzled by his own vision.

He shivered as though with cold.

One must row steadily onwards as if intent on ones business.

4. Reason Clauses
because, as, since, in case, just in case, inasmuch as, insofar as
He was a very unusual musician inasmuch as he was totally deaf. Youd better take the keys in case Im out.

You probably wont need to call - but take my number, just in case.
Seeing that hes been off sick all week hes unlikely to come. Now that you mention it, she did seem to be in a strange mood. I believed her - for surely she would not lie to me.

Just because I dont complain, people think Im satisfied.

She may need some help as shes new.

5. Result Clauses
so that, so + adjective + that so + adverb + that such a(n) + noun phrase + that so + much/ many/ few/ little + noun phrase + that

She was so tired (that) she couldnt think straight.

Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead. The library is such a big place that I couldn't find the book I need. There is so much noise in the dormitory that I can't study there.

6. Purpose Clauses
SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT, IN ORDER TO, SO AS TO, SO, TO
FINITE CLAUSES NON FINITE CLAUSES

All those concerned must work together in order that agreement can be reached on this issue. I bought six cows so that we should have milk to sell.

All those concerned must work together in order to reach on this issue. We went early so as to get good seats. You have two legs so as to walk more, two ears

She worked hard so everything would be ready in so as to hear more, two hands so as to work more, time. but only one mouth so as to talk less and one mouth so as not to poke it into other peoples business.

7. Concession Clauses
ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, THOUGH, WHILE, WHILST
FINITE CLAUSES
Ill get there, even if I have to walk. There are a lot of spelling mistakes, even so, its quite a good essay. While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available. Anne was fond of Tim, though he often annoyed her. Though she gave no sign, I was sure she had seen me. Strange though it may sound, I was pleased it was over.

NON FINITE CLAUSES

His clothes, though old and worn, looked clean and of good quality.

Though not very attractive physically, she

possessed a sense of humor Despite working hard, I failed my exam. In spite of his age, he still leads an active life. They went swimming in spite of all the danger signs.

8. Contrast Clauses
WHILE, WHEREAS
Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not. While Toms very good at science, his brother is absolutely hopeless.