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WHO WHOM WHEN WHICH HOW WHERE IF WHY THAT WHAT WHETHER
WHOEVER WHICHEVER WHOMEVER WHENEVER WHEREVER HOWEVER WHATEVER
You can recognize a noun clause by one of the relative pronouns or adverbs that begin the clause
After some verbs and adjectives To include a question in a statement (embedded questions) To report what someone has said or asked
Noun clauses can follow certain verbs and adjectives that express mental activities
Agree Believe Decide Doubt Feel Forget Guess Hear Hope Imagine Know
notice realize remember see show suppose think understand wonder say tell
afraid angry aware certain clear convinced disappointed glad happy pleased sad
Noun clauses with THAT can be used with all verbs mentioned except wonder
I think that this book will be interesting. The word that can often be omitted. However it can not be omitted if it is in the subject position
Noun clauses with Wh-words They have statement word order, even when they occur within questions Wh + subject + verb
I dont know what he is doing I wonder how he feels today. Where I put my book is a mystery.
In conversation, noun clauses can be replaced by so after think hope believe suppose expect know
Noun clauses with If/whether are often followed by or not. They are often used in statements that express uncertainty
Noun clauses after verbs that show importance or urgency: advise ask beg urge forbid insist order request recommend require suggest demand
Some expressions that show importance or urgency: It is advisable It is essential It is imperative It is important It is necessary It is urgent
After verbs that show importance or urgency, the base form is used.
Use the subject pronoun before a base form. For negatives, put not before the base form
Indirect speech
Simple past
Past progressive
Past perfect Past perfect
The reporting verbs say and tell are usually in the simple past for both direct and indirect speech.
Remember to change pronouns, time and place expressions this and here in indirect speech to keep the speakers original meaning. Ann told Rick, I bought this dress here. Ann told Rick that she had bought that dress there.
He said: Ill leave now. Im going to drive Traffic may be bad She might move. He can help. They have to stay. You must be careful.
He told me (that) He would leave then. He was going to drive Traffic may be bad she might move he could help They had to stay I must be careful
Some Modals change forms can could may might will would have to, must had to could, might, should, would, ought to, and had better do not change form
Are you bringing any fruit into the country? The customs officer asked the tourists if they were bringing any fruit into the country.
Do you have your transcripts with you? The registrar asked me if I had my transcripts with me.
Can you fix my car? I asked the mechanic if he could fix my car.
Did you see the accident? The police officer asked me if I had seen the accident.
What do you want to be when you grow up? My first grade teacher asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up.
Reported commands and requests Commands and requests are reported using infinitives, not noun clauses
Bring the book! She told me to bring the book.
The End!