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SUBMITTED BY:
RAMRATAN MAHATO PAPIYA DAS SUBHAMAY DAS SUPRATIM SADHUKHAN UDAY BHANU SEN
INTRODUCTION
In satellite or telecommunication system, modulation is the process of conveying a message signal over a medium. To extend the range of the analog signal or digital data, we need to transmit it through a medium other than air. The process of converting information so that it can be successfully transmitted through a medium is called modulation. We are working with BPSK & QPSK modulation which is kind of a digital modulation. Before going into the main focus we shall have a brief discussion on modulation, different types of modulation and the analysis of it. This chapter gives a brief and basic idea on modulation and different types of modulation techniques.
PURPOSE OF MODULATION
Modulation
Modulation is defined as the process by which some charactristics of
the carrier is varied in accordance with the modulating signal. Modulation Can be of two types.. 1.Analog 2.Digital. Digital Modulation means the amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier is switched depending on the input digital signal.(ASK,FSK,PSK). In BPSK according to the label change of the symbol(1-0 or 0-1) the phase of carrier is changed by 180 degree. In QPSK, the successive bits are coupled generating four symbols.(10 00 01 11).the phase shift in carrier become 45, 135, 225, 315 degree respectively.
BPSK
In a BPSK the binary symbols 1 & 0 modulate the phase of the carrier.
Carrier s(t)=Acos(2*pi*f*t) The power dissipated can be expressed as, P=1/2(A*A) so, s1(t)=2P cos(2*pi*f*t) (for symbol 1) s2(t)=2P cos(2*pi*f*t+pi) (for symbol 0) s2(t)= -2P cos(2*pi*f*t) In generalize, s(t)=b(t) 2P cos(2*pi*f*t) b(t)=+1 (when symbol 1 transmitted) b(t)= -1 (when symbol 0 transmitted)
BPSK GENERATION
WORKING PRINCIPLE
BPSK WAVEFORM
CD4016 IC specification
switching. ON resistance is 400 ohm. High degree of linearity.Extremely low off switch voltage.
type flip flop. Here SET & RESET are asynchronous active low inputs & operate independently of the clock input. Clock triggering occurs at voltage level & is not directly related to transition time of positive edge pulse.
Its a 14 pin ic. Range of Vcc=5v(+10 -10%) 1D & 2D=Data inputs 1Ck &2ck=clock input. 1Q,2Q,1Q &2Q=Data outputs
CLOCK GENERATOR
QPSK
In QPSK two successive bits are combined together
This produce four different symbols .(10 00 01 11). When the symbol is changed to next symbol,the
CONCLUSION
We would like to express our gratitude to our
respected mam Dr. Kabita Purkait for guidance and valuable suggestions and inspirations through out the process. We give our admiration to our lab assistant Nimai ch. Pal.we are also thankful to HOD sir Dr.Achintya kr. Das along with all the faculty members of ECE department.
LIST OF REFERENCE
BOOKS: [1] THEODORE S. RAPPAPORT, WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE. PRENTICE HALL INDIA, 2002 [2] J. W. MARK AND W. ZHUANG, WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK, PRENTICE HALL, 2002 [3] SCHWARTZ, M. INFORMATION TRANSMISSION,MODULATION AND NOISE, MCGRAW HILL, NEW YORK, 1990