Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
South Africa Nigeria Zimbabwe Tanzania The Congo Ethiopia Kenya Mozambique
9. 10.
SubSaharan Africa
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Figure 1
24 27%
Note: Data are estimates. Sources: CDC, 2005; Glynn, K. et al., CDC, "Estimated HIV prevalence in the United States at the end of 2003", Presentation at the National HIV Prevention Conference, 2005; Fleming, P., et al., HIV Prevalence in the United States 2000, 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 2002.
TERINFEKSI
2-3 mgg
Sembuh Seroconvesion
1,3 TH
AIDS
8 THN
ASIMTOMATIK
IS THERE A CURE?
Figure 20
HIV Prevention
HIV Prevention Funding at CDC, FY 1995-2005 (US $ Millions)
1995 1997
Medicare 1999
$589.8
All Other 51% ($6.0B)
$616.8 $656.6
2001 Ryan
White 2003
Most prevention funding Funds go to states; some cities; community based organizations; other entities/programs
Additional prevention funding also at: Department of Veterans Affairs, SAMHSA, and other agencies National HIV prevention goal new infections by
2005
Sources: CDC, Personal Communication, 2006; CDC, HIV Prevention (reduce Strategic Plan Through 2005.
Pertama Kali Timbul di Afrika, Haiti dan USA 1978 1979 Sarkoma Kaposi pada orang Afrika yang mukim di Eropa 1981 USA . Sarkoma Kaposi di kalangan Homo Seks 1982 Luc Montagnier ,Paris. LAV (Limphadenonathy Associated Virus) 1984 Transmisi Heteroseks, Galo dkk.
Indonesia : Kasus pertama ( BALI ) :April 1987. Wisatawan Belanda Kasus kedua ( Jakarta ) :Nopember 1987. Warga Kanada tinggal di JKT. Kasus ketiga ( Jakarta ) : 1989. Warga Perancis tinggal di JKT Orang Indonesia Pertama di Bali: Juni 1988
HIV
The outer shell of the virus is known as the Viral enevlope. Embedded in the viral envelope is a complex protein known as env which consists of an outer protruding cap glycoprotein (gp) 120, and a stem gp14. Within the viral envelope is an HIV protein called p17(matrix), and within this is the viral core or capsid, which is made of another viral protein p24(core antigen).
13
14
Life Cycle
(a) HIV (red) attaches to two cell-surface receptors (the CD4 antigen and a specific chemokine receptor).
(b) The virus and cell membrane fuse, and the virion core enters the cell.
(c) The viral RNA and core proteins are released from the virion core and are then actively transported to the nucleus. (d) The viral RNA genome is converted into doublestranded DNA through an enzyme unique to viruses, reverse transcriptase (red dot).
(e) The double-stranded viral DNA moves into the cell nucleus.
(f) Using a unique viral enzyme called integrase, the viral DNA is integrated into the cellular DNA. (g) Viral RNA is synthesized by the cellular enzyme RNA polymerase II using integrated viral DNA as a template. Two types of RNA transcripts shorter spliced RNA (h) and full-length genomic RNA (j) are produced. (h) Shorter spliced RNAs are transported to the cytoplasm and used for the production of several viral proteins that are then modified in the Golgi apparatus of the cell (i). (j) Full-length genomic RNAs are transported to the cytoplasm (k). (l) New virion is assembled and then buds off. (m) Mature virus is released.
Viral Replication
helper T cells macrophages monocytes B cells microglial brain cells intestinal cells
In early phase HIV infection, initial viruses are M-tropic. Their envelope glycoprotein gp120 is able to bind to CD4 molecules and chemokine receptors called CCR5 found on macrophages
http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit2/viruses/hivad.html
In late phase HIV infection, most of the viruses are T-tropic, having gp120 capable of binding to CD4 and CXCR4 found on T4lymphocytes.
Cell free
HIV
T-cell Immature Dendritic cell Skin or mucosa 24 hours 1. HIV co-receptors, CD4 + chemokine receptor CC5 2. Selective of macrophagetropic HIV Via lymphatics or circulation 48 hours 3. Mature Dendritic cell in regional LN undergoes a single replication, which transfers HIV to 19 T-cell
PEP
Burst of HIV replication
HIV
Virus penyebab AIDS Melemahkan sistem kekebalan tubuh (sel darah putih)
AIDS
Kumpulan beberapa gejala akibat menurunnya sistem kekebalan tubuh yang disebabkan oleh HIV.
The CD4 cell , also known as "T4" or "helper T cell is responsible for signaling other parts of the immune system to respond to an infection. Normal counts range from 500 to 1500 cells per cubic millimeter of blood Initially in HIV infection there is a sharp drop in the CD4 count and then the count levels off to around 500-600 cells/mm3. CD4 count is a marker of likely disease progression. CD4 percentage tends to decline as HIV disease progresses. CD4 counts can also be used to predict the risks for particular conditions such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, CMV disease or MAI disease. Treatment decisions are often based on Viral Load and CD4 count.
Siapapun bisa tertular HIV, jika perilakunya berisiko. Penampilan luar bukan jaminan bebas HIV. Orang dengan (+)HIV sering terlihat sehat dan merasa sehat. Jika belum melakukan tes HIV, orang dengan (+)HIV tidak tahu bahwa dirinya sudah tertular HIV dan dapat menularkan HIV pada orang lain. Tes HIV adalah satu-satunya cara untuk mendapatkan kepastian tertular HIV atau tidak.
Tertular HIV
Periode Jendela*
HIV Positif
AIDS
2 minggu - 6 bulan
3 - 10 Tahun
1 - 2 Tahun
Timbul infeksi oportunistik
* Masa antara masuknya HIV Tanpa Gejala kedalam tubuh manusia Tampak sehat sampai terbentuknya antibody Dapat beraktiterhadap (+)HIV. vitas biasa. Sudah bisa menularkan HIV kepada orang lain.
symptoms
symptoms
6
years
10
infection
no symptoms at all Infected person can infect other people
The symptoms are mild The immune system deteriorates emergence of opportunistic infections and cancers
weakens
The illnesses become
Bacterial
Tuberculosis (TB) Strep pneumonia
Viral
Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Influenza (flu)
Parasitic
Pneumocystis carinii
Fungal
Candida Cryptococcus
advanced HIV disease If preventative medications not started the HIV infected person is now at risk for:
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) cryptococcal meningitis toxoplasmosis
If CD4 count drops below 50: Mycobacterium avium Cytomegalovirus infections lymphoma dementia Most deaths occur with CD4 counts below 50.
secara bergantian
bekas pakai tidak steril Hubungan seks berganti-gantian
Transmission
Breast Milk
seksual dgn orang asing yang berasal dari daerah dimana insidens AIDS tinggi. 4. Penyalah guna obat/narkotika
Through Sex
Intercourse (penile penetration into the vagina) Oral Anal Digital Sex
Mother-to-Baby
environment is a prime target for chronic secondary infections and inflammatory processes, including OHL, which is due to the Epstein-Barr virus under immunosuppressed conditions
is a rare cancer of the blood vessels that is associated with HIV. It manifests as bluish-red oval-shaped patches that may eventually become thickened. Lesions may appear singly or in clusters.
Konseling dan Testing HIV Sukarela Testing HIV merupakan pengambilan darah dan pemeriksaan laboratium disertai konseling pre dan pasca testing HIV Konseling dan Testing HIV Sukarela dilakukan dengan prinsip tanpa paksaan, rahasia, tidak membeda-bedakan serta terjamin kualitasnya.
Anda
tidak melakukan seks bukan dgn pasangannya Bersikap saling setia dengan pasangan Cegah dengan memakai kondom lateks Jangan menggunakan narkoba suntik
Tempelkan stiker khusus dgn tulisan BAHAN MENULAR pd semua botol spesimen yg akan dikirim ke laboratorium Tangan harus selalu dicuci selama dan sesudah segala aktifitas pelayanan terhadap penderita, walaupun mempergunakan sarung tangan.
ADMINISTRATION
Immunosorbent Assay/Enzyme Immunoassay (ELISA/EIA) Radio Immunoprecipitation Assay/Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Assay (RIP/IFA) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Western Blot Confirmatory test
URINE TESTING
ORAL TESTING
Orasure
The only FDA approved HIV antibody. As accurate as blood testing Draws blood-derived fluids from the gum tissue. NOT A SALIVA TEST!
TREATMENT OPTIONS
ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS
AZT (Zidovudine)
Viramune (Nevirapine) Norvir (Ritonavir)
WESTERN BLOT
Expensive $ 80 - 100 technically more difficult visual interpretation lack standardisation
VIRUS ISOLATION
Virus
isolation can be used to definitively diagnose HIV. Best sample is peripheral blood, but can use CSF, saliva, cervical secretions, semen, tears or material from organ biopsy. Cell growth in culture is stimulated, amplifies number of cells releasing virus. Cultures incubated one month, infection confirmed by detecting reverse transcriptase or p24 antigen in supernatant.
FOUR WAYS
TO PROTECT YOURSELF?
MONOGAMOUS RELATIONSHIP
A
mutually monogamous (only one sex partner) relationship with a person who is not infected with HIV HIV testing before intercourse is necessary to prove your partner is not infected
PROTECTED SEX
Use condoms (female or male) every time you have sex (vaginal or anal) Always use latex or polyurethane condom (not a natural skin condom) Always use a latex barrier during oral sex
STERILE NEEDLES
Dosing
1998
Retrovir/Epivir/Sustiva 5 pills, BID
2002
Combivir (AZT/3TC)/EFV 3 pills, BID
2003
Viread/ Emtriva/Sustiva
3 pills, QD 2 pills, QD
2004
Truvada/Sustiva
TRUVADA
Truvada is made up of HIV drugs from a class called nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), also known as nukes. The NRTIs block reverse transcriptase, a protein that HIV needs to make more copies of itself. This may slow down HIV disease
Vaccines?
Whole virus vaccines Attenuated viruses: Essentially intact, living HIV virions that have been chemically or genetically damaged. Whole killed virus: Intact virions that have been damaged so badly that they are completely nonfunctional (dead). Subunit vaccines Clone one gene from HIV, express the protein and use it to vaccinate patients. The disadvantage is that the person only raises antibodies against one target. With free virus, the targets are mainly the envelope proteins; however, these are extremely variable proteins. Six amino acids of the V3 loop of gp120 appear to be relatively constant (some variability exists but most antibodies cross react with the variants). Antibodies against cocktails of different V3's are being tried. Nucleic Acid Vaccines Gene gun, muscle expression.
PENUTUP
Sesuai dgn sifat AIDS itu sendiri, maka pencegahan AIDS relatif mudah, yaitu menghindari pemakaian jarum suntik berganti ganti dan menghindari hubungan seksual dgn pasangan ganda. Agama dan Pancasila melarang hubungan seksual ekstra marital. Akan tetapi penggunaan jargon jargon Agama atau Pancasila dalam batasan ucapan verbal saja jelas tidak ada gunanya, bahkan bisa membuat orang tertutup terhadap informasi yang benar
Thank you!