-referatechipamente electrice pentru autovehicule

1. O istorie sumara 2. Electroliza cu reactiile chimice 3. Intelegerea pilei de combustie -Electroliza in Revers -Termodinamica - Componente - Punerea intr-un tot unitar 4. Tipuri de pile de combustie - Alcalin - Carbonat topit - Acid fosforic - Polimeri solizi - Oxizi solizi 5. Beneficii si Probleme 6. Aplicatii curente - Industria de automotive - Unitati de putere de distributie - Unitati de putere rezidentiala 7. Viitorul

1. O istorie sumara
1800
Desi prima pil de combustie a fost inventat n 1839 de W. R. Growe, un avocat pasionat de stiinta, era considerata ca o curiozitate a acelor ani.

Hydrogen everywhere

ANII 60
Evoluia acestor dispozitive a luat amploare n cursul anilor 60 ca urmare a dezvoltrii programelor spaiale. Pila de combustie a furnizat putere pentru misiunile spatiale Gemini si Apollo, dar si electricitate si apa.

IN PREZENT
Insa dup 1980, a luat amploare aceasta tehnologie , cand ,au inceput sa se impuna programe de realizare a tehnologiilor curate n fabricarea energiei. Utilizarea acestei metode in industria de transport, reprezinta o

adevarata provocare. \

2.Electroliza si reactiile ei

Ce are de a face electroliza cu pila de combustie?

Furniznd energie electrica, de la o baterie, la doi electrozi (vezi fig1), apa (H2O), poate fi separata in molecule diatomice de hidrogen (H2) si oxigen (O2).
Figure 1

3. Intelegerea pilei de combustie Punem electroliza in revers.

Daca pentru electroliza avem nevoie de energie electrica, ei bine pentru reversul ei, inseamna sa culegem energie elelctrica imediat. Daca am reprezenta ca pe ocutie neagra pila de combustie ar arata ca mai jos:
work
Figure 2

O2 H2

fuel cell

H2 O

heat

Ce este pila de combustie cu hidrogen(PCH)?

PCH- este un sort de pila electrochimica

PCH- genereaza electricitate prin reactie de oxido-reducere in interiorul celulei.

Are trei componente principale, un combustibil,un oxidant si un electrolit. PCH -functioneaza ca o baterie cu combustibil. PCH- este un sistem termodinamic deschis. PCH foloseste hidrogen drept combustibil, oxigen drept oxidant, so o membrana ca electrolit, iar emisia este numai apa (produs de esapament).

Combustibilul (H2) prima data este adus la anodul celulei

Combustibilul reactioneaza in anod

How do they work?

Anodul reactineaza si imparte (H2) in H+ (a proton) si eProtonii trec prin electrolit la catod Electrons nu pot trece prin electrolit , si ei trebuie sa gaseasca o cale de iesire din sistem, aceasta calatorie o vor face printr-un circuit extern, circuit care astfel formeaza un curent electric Protonii si electronii ce ajung la catod, sufera o reactie de catod

O pil de combustie const dintr-un anod alimentat cu combustibil (H2) si un catod alimentat cu oxigen din aer, separai ntre ei printr-un electrolit care permite transferul de ioni ntre cei doi electrozi (fig.1). Electronii formai prin disocierea hidrogenului la anod se deplaseaz spre catod printr-un circuit extern pentru a participa la reducerea oxigenului cu formare de ap.

Chimia din spatele tehnologiei

Oxidarea La anodul celulei, un catalizator (pulbere de platina ) este folosit pentru separarea protonului si electronului din hidrogen. Anod 1/2 reactia: 2H2 4H+ + 4eEo = 0.00V Reducerea La catodul celulei,un al doilea catalizator (nichel) este folosit pentru a recombina protoni ,electronii si atomii de oxigen formand astfel Catod 1/2 reactia: 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O Eo = 0.68V

In electrochimie, valoarea energetica Eocella unei celule este egala este egala cu Eo catodului 1/2 reactie minus energia Eo anod 1/2 reactie. Pentru o pila de hidrogen , cele doua 1/2 de reactie sunt prezentae mai sus. Deci pentru a calcula energia unei pile de hidrogen , este nevoie sa scadem energia anodului din energia catodului . For a PCH , the Eocell = 0.68V 0.00V care este egala cu 0.68V

Reaciile electrochimice care au loc sunt constituite din dou reacii distincte a) Oxidarea hidrogenului la anod; 2H2(g) -> 4 H(+ )+ 4eb) Reducerea oxigenului la catod O2(g)+4H(+ )+4e- -> 2H2O Reacia global care are loc n pil este: 2H2(g) + O2(g) ->H2O

n funcie de tipul de electrolit se disting urmtoarele tipuri de pile de combustie -Pile cu electrolit alcalin-AFC ( Alkaline Fuel Cells) ; -Pile cu electrolit acid fosforic PFAC (Phosphorus Acid Fuel Cells) ; -Pile cu electrolit de tip polimeri solizi PEMFC (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells) ; -Pile cu electrolit carbonai topii-MCFC (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells) ; -Pile cu electrolii oxizi solizi SOFC (Solid Oxides Fuel Cells).

Pile cu electrolit alcalin-Alkali Fuel Cell

-hidrogen si oxigen comprimat-combustibil

-Hidroxid de potasiu(KOH)- electrolit

-~70% -eficienta -150C - 200C- temp. de operare -300W to 5kW output

Figure 4

Inconveninte; -Nevoie de hidrogen pur si catalizator de platina costistior -Nevoie de container coroziv si cu scurgeri

Pile cu electrolit carbonai topii- Molten

Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)

Sare carbonata- electrolit 60 80% eficienta

~650C temp. de operare

nichel electrod catalist ieftin pana la 2 MW construit, pana la 100 MW exista un model proiectat

Figure 5

Inconveninte: -temperatura de operare prea inalta pentru aplicatii

-ioni de carbonat sunt consumati in reactie nevoie de injectie de CO2 pentru compensare

Pile cu electrolit de tip polimeri solizi -Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)

-electrolitul este o foaie subtire de polimer permeabil -40 50% eficienta -50 250 kW -80C temperatura de operare

Figure 7

-electrollitul nu se scurge si nu se sparge -temperatura buna pentru utilizarea pentru casa si masina -catalistul de platina pe cele doua parti alle membranei cam costisior

Pile cu electrolii oxizi solizi -Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

-electrolit-oxid de ceramica dura

-~60% eficienta
-~1000C temperatura de operare -produce pana la-100 kW

Figure 8

- temp inalta / catalistul poate extrage hidrogen din combustibil la electrod -high temp allows for power generation using the heat, but limits use temperatura inalta admite generarea de putere folosiind caldura, dar utilizarea este limitata -SOFC units sunt prea mari -electrollitul solid nu se scurge, dar se poate sparge

5.

BENEFICIILE PCH

EFICIENTA : BUNA, IN TEORIE SI IN PRACTICA PORTABLE: UNITATI MODULARE ANDURANTA: PUTINE PARTI CARE SA SE STRICE SAU SA SE SPARGA FLEXIBLITATEA COMBUSTIBILULUI: CU O MARE DIVERSITATE DE COMBUSTIBIL, CUM AR FI GAZ NATURAL , ETHANOL, METHANOL, PROPAN, BENZINA, DIESEL, GAS DE SONDA, SAU CHIAR AMONIA SAU APA DE CANAL MEDIU: PRODUCE CALDURA SI APA (MAI PUTINA DECAT COMBUSTIA CLASICA)APROAPE ZERO EMISIA DE CO SI NOX EMISIE REDUSA DE CO2 (ZERO EMISIE DACA H2 ESTE PUR)

Problemele care le ridica PCH in prezent

Lipsa de infrastructura hidrogenului Nevoia de statii de distributie

Lipsa de legislatie si educatie

Costul ridicat al PCH 2009 Departmentul de energie al USA a estimat $61/kw Honda FCX Clarity costa jumatate de milion de dolari Pretul de producere al hidrogenului

Probleme cu Auto cu PCH

Autonomie (~260 miles) Incalzirea (~5 minutes)

6.Aplicatii curente

Aplicatiile practice ale PCH

Exista multe aplicatii curente ale PCH. Unele dinte acestea sunt urmatoarele: Surse de putere in transport ,automobile ,, autobuze si chiar salupe si submarine.

Surse de putere pentru industria spatiala, statii meteo si tehnologie militara.

Surse de putere pentru laptopuri si telefoane mobile avansate.

Surse de putere neintrerupta in general.

Aplicatia pilei de combustie cea mai interesanta si de mare actualitate o reprezita domeniul de transport electric.

Planar Design BMW

Air channel

bipolar plate Cathode current collector cathode electrolyte anode porous metallic substrate Fe-26Cr-(Mo, Ti, Mn, Y2O3) alloy bipolar plate

Fuel channel
20-50 mm 5-20 mm 15-50 mm Plasma spray Plasma spray

Application Batterie replacement in the BMW cars of the 7-series. Power output: 135 kW is aimed.

Plasma spray

Current Initiatives

Automotive Industry Most of the major auto manufacturers have fuel cell vehicle (FCV) projects currently under way, which involve all sorts of fuel cells and hybrid combinations of conventional combustion, fuel reformers and battery power. Considered to be the first gasoline powered fuel cell vehicle is the H20 by GM:

GMC S-10 (2001) fuel cell battery hybrid low sulfur gasoline fuel 25 kW PEM 40 mpg 112 km/h top speed

Figure 9

Current Initiatives
Automotive Industry

Fords Adavanced Focus FCV (2002) fuel cell battery hybrid 85 kW PEM ~50 mpg (equivalent) 4 kg of compressed H2 @ 5000 psi

Figure 10

Approximately 40 fleet vehicles are planned as a market introduction for Germany, Vancouver and California for 2004.

Figure 11

Current Initiatives
Automotive Industry Daimler-Chrysler NECAR 5 (introduced in 2000)

85 kW PEM fuel cell methanol fuel reformer required 150 km/h top speed

Figure 12

version 5.2 of this model completed a California to Washington DC drive awarded road permit for Japanese roads

Current Initiatives
Automotive Industry Mitsubishi Grandis FCV minivan

fuel cell / battery hybrid 68 kW PEM

compressed hydrogen fuel

140 km/h top speed

Figure 13

Plans are to launch as a production vehicle for Europe in 2004.

Current Initiatives

Stationary Power Supply Units More than 2500 stationary fuel cell systems have been installed all over the world - in hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, office buildings, schools, utility power plants, and an airport terminal, providing primary power or backup. In large-scale building systems, fuel cells can reduce facility energy service costs by 20% to 40% over conventional energy service.

Figure 14

A fuel cell installed at McDonalds restaurant, Long Island Power Authority to install 45 more fuel cells across Long Island, including homes.(2) Feb 26, 2003

Current Initiatives
Residential Power Units There are few residential fuel cell power units on the market but many designs are undergoing testing and should be available within the next few years. The major technical difficulty in producing residential fuel cells is that they must be safe to install in a home, and be easily maintained by the average homeowner.

Residential fuel cells are typically the size of a large deep freezer or furnace, such as the Plug Power 7000 unit shown here, and cost $5000 - $10 000.

Figure 15

If a power company was to install a residential fuel cell power unit in a home, it would have to charge the homeowner at least 40 /kWh to be economically profitable.(3) They will have to remain a backup power supply for the near future.

Future
...projections made by car companies themselves and energy and automotive experts concur that around 2010, and perhaps earlier, car manufacturers will have mass production capabilities for fuel cell vehicles, signifying the time they would be economically available to the average consumer. Auto Companies on Fuel Cells, Brian Walsh and Peter Moores, posted on www.fuelcells.org

A commercially available fuel cell power plant would cost about $3000/kW, but would have to drop below $1500/kW to achieve widespread market penetration. http://www.fuelcells.org/fcfaqs.htm

Technical and engineering innovations are continually lowering the capital cost of a fuel cell unit as well as the operating costs, but it is expected that mass production will be of the greatest impact to affordability.

Future

Sfarsitul combustiei interne?

Rezolvarea poluarii?
Accesibil si in case? Modele mai bune? Cu eficienta mai mare? Electricitate mai ieftina? Sfarsitul dependetei de petrol? ...castigul lozului cel mare?

THE END

THANKS GOD FOR HYDROGEN

Biblografie
(1) FAQ section, fuelcells.org (2) Long Island Power Authority press release: Plug Power Fuel Cell Installed at McDonalds Restaurant, LIPA to http://www.lipower.org/newscenter/pr/2003/feb26.fuelcell.html (3) Proceedings of the 2000 DOE Hydrogen Program Review: Analysis of Residential Fuel Cell Systems & PNGV Fuel Cell Vehicles, http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/28890mm.pdf

Install 45 More Fuel Cells Across Long Island, Including Homes,

Figures 1, 3 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/electrol.html 4 8 http://fuelcells.si.edu/basics.htm 10 http://www.moteurnature.com/zvisu/2003/focus_fcv/focus_fcv.jpg 11 http://www.granitestatecleancities.org/images/Hydrogen_Fuel_Cell_Engine.jpg 12 http://www.in.gr/auto/parousiaseis/foto_big/Necar07_2883.jpg 13 http://www3.caradisiac.com/media/images/le_mag/mag138/oeil_mitsubishi_grandis_big.jpg 14 http://www.lipower.org/newscenter/pr/2003/feb26.fuelcell.html 15 http://americanhistory.si.edu/csr/fuelcells/images/plugpwr1.jpg

Table 1 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/therprop.html#c1 Fuel cell data from: Types of Fuel Cells, fuelcells.org Fuel Cell Vehicle data primarily from: Fuel Cell Vehicles (From Auto Manufacturers) table, fuelcells.org