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Growth factors (4 des) Growth regulators / phytohormones (4 -11 des) Seed germination (11 des) Plant movements (? des) Photoperiodism ( ?) Senescence (?)
http://expage.com/page/waxnsteel
http://199.212.16.18/msc/as/index_e.html
http://home.earthlink.net/`bob4mvg/Time_n_Temperature.htm
Temperature
temperatures: however the rate increases up to a cerain point as the temperature goes up
Plant growth functions such as absorption of minerals and water are determined by temperature
Temperature
Plants have an optional temperature range at which they function best Plants have a minimum temperature tolerance below which the plant may be injured or killed
Monocots have an advantage because the growth point remains
below the ground Dicots growing point is pushed above the ground and do not tolerate fluctuating temperatures or frost
Temperature
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Plants should be selected according to the growth conditions and climate of the area
An exception is the greenhouse where
Quality The major source of light is the sun Normal plant growth requires white light or sunlight Chlorophyll absorbs the red and blue portions of the light spectrum. Leaves are green, since the chlorophyll reflects green light
Quality
Light is important and must contain important wavelenghts These wavelengths are represented by the rainbow
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Light Intensity
Phototropism is the tendency to grow in the direction of the greatest light intensity Plants vary in the intensity of light that they need
ie-Impatiens grow better in shade with indirect
Light Duration
Photoperiodism is a growth response to the length of dark period This determines if a plants is growing vegetatively or is in the flowering stage
In a greenhouse we can force a plant to bloom
Short-day Plants-must be exposed to light periods shorter than some critical length for flowering to occur
ie-Poinsettia
Long-day Plants-must be exposed to light periods longer than some critical length for flowering to occur
ie-Azalea
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Use a black cloth to shorten days. This involves covering the plants with an opaque cover to shorten days
Artificial light stimulates long days by adding light in the evening hours
Phototropism is the growth response in which plants turn or bend in the direction of the light source
Geotropism is the growth response in which plants turn or bend in response to gravity
http://biosci.cbs.umn.edu/labs/koukkari/teaching /courses/Angiosperms_30May.html
Water carries essential nutrients from the roots and acts as a solvent for salts and minerals Water translocates photosynthetic products from the leaves via the phloem Water is a chemical reactant in may plant processes including photosynthesis and respiration
Moisture
Water quality is important to plants Excessive salt can cause leaf burn, root corrosion, poor seed germination, wilting and killing Capillary water is used by the plants
Capillary is when the water makes contact with
the soil and it is elevated of depressed depending on the relative attraction of the molecules or water
Moisture
Capillary continued
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or down, horizontally ie-dip the end of a napkin into a glass of water and observe water as it moves up through the napkin
Gravity water-which is lost due to drainage Hygroscopic water that bonds to soil particles
The bonding is ionic charge related to the size
of the soil particle and its electrical charge The charge is opposite that if water and will attract or hold the water in the soil making it unavailable to plants
Moisture
Plants with large thin leaves lose water more readily and have high water requirements Plants with small waxy leaves have a tendency to lose less water to transpiration and have less water requirements
Desert plants have small leaf surfaces while
Carbon Dioxide is taken in through the stomata Air contains .03% Carbon Dioxide Greenhouses need to have CO2 added
Roses, carnations and tomatoes need 12% This can be accomplished by using gas burners
http://csee.lbl.gov/ScienceEd/Tony/chemistry/html
Carbon Dioxide
Plants use 16 essential nutrients and are available in the soil Primary nutrients-N, P, K Secondary nutrients-Ca, S, Mg Trace nutrients-Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cl, B, Mo C, H, O-usually not limited since they are freely available in the air and water
Hormones
Hormones are low molecular weight chemicals produced in the plant to regulate growth Auxin-promotes cell elongation, apical dominance, induces roots on cuttings, stimulates fruit development and stimulates ethylene synthesis
Hormones
ABA-Stimulates stomatal closure, may be necessary for abscission and dormancy in some species Cytokinin-Promotes apical dominance, shoot growth and fruit development Giberellins-GA-Flowering stimulation in long-day plants and biennials, shoot elongation and regulates production of seed enzymes in cereals
Hormones
Conclusion
Moisture, Temperature, Light, Carbon Dioxide and Hormones are required in various amounts for different plants but are all requirements for a plant to grow.