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It is the process of changing organisation structure of the group / company to make it more useful in achieving organisational goals . Process of restructuring: 1. Restructuring business portfolio (asset mix ) 2.Financial restructuring (composite of liability )
3.Organisational restructuring (pattern of ownership ) What could be the reasons for all these restructuring activities ? a) intense competition b) technological change
To increase organisation market value of shares, brand power, synergies To achieve quick growth To flattern organisation so that it could encourage culture of initiation & innovation To increase focus on core areas of work & to get closer to the customer To reduce cost/reduce level of hierarchy/reduce communication delay
Technology
eg. software tieups, power projects Government policy Exchange rate fluctuation Economic stability Reduce dependence Right sizing to have right focus
-Godrej-GE
- Kelvinator- Whirlpool
Tax advantage
Operating efficiency - HCL-HP(JV) - P&G & GODREJ SOAPS Managerial effectiveness (MCF-UB, VISL- SAIL)
2.Expansion
3.Diversification
4.Collaboration
5.Joint Ventures
New enterprises owned by two or more participants for special purpose for a limited duration.
Eg.GM Toyota,GM gain from new experience in Japanese management build high quality low cost cars.
Toyota management traditions that made it the number 1 auto producer in the world.
P&G & Godrej P&G utilised the distribution network . Godrej brand product base.
Reasons for JV :
of business .
To share technology and management
be redesigned regularly
Types of JV:
Formation of JV b/w two firms of the same industry of the same country
Of different industries but of the same country Of two countries locating the business in the domestic country Of two countries locating the business in foreign country
knowledge.
difficult issues.
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Eg for JV: Renault Nissan Technology and Business centre India Pvt Ltd is a JV .French and Japanese automobile alliance.50:50. Japanese automobile companys product development plans for many markets 2010 employ 1500 people
Maruthi Suzuki India Ltd JV (finance & technology) Futaba Industrial Co. for manufacture and sale of exhaust system components for its cars.
Futaba has existing agreement with Mark Exhaust Systems Ltd for manufacture of exhaust system components. Futaba largest manufacturer of exhaust system components for automobile in Japan ,new technology for manufacturing.
Maruthi Suzuki Sona Koyo steering systems Asahi Glass Jay Bharat Maruthi Ltd Denso
50:50 partnership, work jointly to complement their respective core strengths in power sector.
Eg: Coromandel fertilisers cement divisionIndia cements Ltd. In London Cadbury schweeps soft drinks division to coca cola. Parle Thumps up- Coca cola. Reasons for Divestiture: Increase the value of shares to share holder. Poor fit of a division Reverse synergy = (4-1=5)
Poor performance
Capital market factors- The combined capital structure may not help the company to attract capital from the investors. Cash flow factors- profitable and valuable
Efficiency gains Types of Divestiture: 1.Spin off: It is a kind of demerger when an existing parent company distributes on a pro-rata basis the shares of the new company to the share holders of the parent company free of cost. No money transaction
Tax consequences of spin off: Shares alloted are not taxed as a capital gain or as dividend. 2.Sell-off:
When a firm sells a division to another
Have positive impact on the market price of shares of both the buyer and seller companies.
3.Voluntary corporate liquidation or bust ups It is a complete sell off. Voluntary liquidation ,create value to the shareholders. 4. Equity carveouts: It resembles Initial Public Offering of some portion of equity stock of wholly owned subsidiary by the parent company.
The parent co. may sell a 100% interest in subsidiary company or it may choose to remain in the subsidiarys line of business by selling only a partial interest. After the sale of shares to the public, the subsidiary companys share will be listed and traded in capital market. It is a means to reduce exposure to a riskier line of business. Have positive impact on the market value of shares due to a combination of factors.
Spin-off:
a) There is no new set of share holders.
b) It results in cash in flow to the parent company as the shares of the subsidiary company are sold to the public. c) No new company that comes into existence. 7.Going Public: Advantages: Access to large capital base. Respect for the company & the people Ability to attract talent Helps in foreign alliance
Disadvantages: Dilution of ownership Loss of flexibility Disclosure becoming inevitable Accoutability eg: Vorin Lab, a pharma co. Privatisation: It is a process of diluting Government control in any business organisation.
Selling the shares held by the govt. in any co. in the open market. Fresh issue is made to increase the capital base govt. contribution in equity capital decreases. Other names : People-isation De nationalisation De govermentalisation Marketisation
Development of economic & infrastructure In India the government considered disinvestment as a source of funds for government expenses .comment.
Stages of LBO:
2.Taking private (purchase of all the o/s share of the company) The organising sponsor buys all the o/s share
3.Restructuring
4.Reverse LBO Investor group take the company again through public equity offering to create
proposals
b) Typical targets If the company does not have 51% holding
If the company is overleveraging with debt components nearing the maturity Company diversified into unrelated areas ,face problems Company earning low operating profits
Secured feeling
iii) Room for significant cash savings
iv) Equity investment of managers: Higher the equity ,greater the security to lenders v) Ability to cut costs : Without damaging the business of the division vi) Seperable non-core business:
Stages in LBO:
Step 1: The decision to divest is made. Poor performing division is divested Parent company not interested in the business of the division.
Step 2 : The management of the division decides to purchase the division True potential not realised by parent company
Job security. Approach lender for finance
c. Liquidation value of assets: amount realised on assets in case of insolvency. Step 4: Purchase price determined. Sale price above liquidity price. Depend on bargaining ability Step 5: Investment by the management is determined: significant part of total wealth of managers. Capital investment in the transaction
Step 6: The lending group is assembled: May be one lender or many depending on the amount
Step 7: External equity investment if required is acquired: if sufficient debt is not available. When managers cannot contribute more to equity, outsiders are invited Step 8 : Cash flow analysis is conducted:
It is a transaction through which the incumbent management buys out all or most of the other share holders.
When does it occur ? When the management of a company decides to take publicly held company or division of a company
A division or a subsidiary of a company is acquired from the parent company by a purchasing group led by an executive.
Benefits: Generation of value i) Excellent opportunity to management to realise intrinsic value ii) Lower agency cost iii) Source of tax savings interest paid is tax deductible.
Master Limited Partnership (MLP): Limited partnership in which the shares are publicly traded Limited partnership interests are divided into units which are traded as shares of common stock General partner ,one or more limited partners
3. Acquisition MLP
in exchange for general & limited partnership interest in MLP 5. Start up MLP
Partnership initially pvt held ,later offers its interest to public to finance internal growth
ESOP: Stock bonus plan investing in securities of the sponsoring employees firm. Company awards stock option to the employees based on their performance
Types of ESOP: 1. Leveraged ESOP Plan borrows funds to purchase securities of the employer firm Firm contributes to ESOP trust to meet annual interest payment, principal payment of loan amount
2. Leverageable ESOP
credit.
ESOP is an option but not an obligation to buy the shares of the company.
Agreement is signed with the employer.
Converting options into shares by paying the exercise price is known as exercise of options.
If company does well & its stock price rises beyond exercise price, option is to buy at exercise price & sell at market price at a profit. If stock price goes down ,no need to exercise option
Vesting has two associated aspects: vesting period & vesting percentage.
Vesting percentage is the portion of total options granted to the employee which he is eligible to excercise
Vesting period is the period on completion of which the said portion can be excercised If the options are not excercised within the said period , they lapse. This period is called the exercise period