Kaw Area Technical School

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Industrial Technology

Kaw Area Technical School

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Intelligent Motors
Richard E. Stephens
CET Sr.

PowerPoint Presentation

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Braking Speed Control Multispeed Motors DC Motor Speed Control AC Motor Speed Control AC Motor Drives (Variable Frequency Drives) Troubleshooting Drive And Motor Circuits

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Friction brakes normally consist of two friction surfaces that come in contact with a wheel mounted on the motor shaft.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

A friction brake may be connected to full-line voltage equal to that produced between L1 and the neutral.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Braking torque may be determined by using a horsepower-to-torque conversion chart.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Plugging switches prevent the reversal of the controlled load after the load has stopped.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

A plugging switch may be used to plug a motor to stop each time the motor is stopped.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

A plugging switch may be used in a circuit where plugging is required only in an emergency.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

An OFF-delay timer may be used in applications where the time needed to decelerate the motor is constant.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

An OFF-delay timer may also be used for plugging a motor to stop during emergency stops.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Electric braking is achieved by applying DC voltage to the stationary windings once the AC is removed.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

The DC voltage applied during electric braking creates a magnetic field in the stator that does not change polarity.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

DC is applied after AC is removed to bring the motor to a stop quickly.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Dynamic braking is a method of motor braking in which a motor is reconnected to act as a generator immediately after it is turned OFF.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Dynamic braking is normally applied to DC motors because there must be access to the rotor windings to reconnect the motor to act as a generator.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

A braking resistor can be added to a motor drive to control fast stops on highinertia loads.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Work equals force times distance.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Torque is the force that produces or tends to produce rotation.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Motor torque is the force that produces or tends to produce rotation in a motor.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Locked rotor torque is the torque a motor produces when its rotor is stationary and full power is applied to the motor.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Pull-up torque is the torque required to bring a load up to its rated speed.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Breakdown torque is the maximum torque a motor can provide without an abrupt reduction in motor speed.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Full-load torque is the torque required to produce the rated power at full speed of the motor.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

A motor may be fully loaded, underloaded, or overloaded.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Motor power is rated in horsepower and watts.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Operating speed, torque, and horsepower rating determine the work a motor can produce.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Loads are generally classified as constant torque/variable horsepower, constant horsepower/variable torque, or variable torque/variable horsepower.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Constant torque/variable horsepower loads are loads in which the torque requirement remains constant.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Constant horsepower/variable torque loads are loads that require high torque at low speeds and low torque at high speeds.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Variable torque/variable horsepower loads are loads that require different torque and horsepower at different speeds.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Motor design characteristics are classified and given a letter designation, which can be found on the nameplate of some motors listed as NEMA design.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Common motor connection arrangements conforming to NEMA standards are used when wiring motors in a circuit.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Common motor connection arrangements conforming to NEMA standards are used when wiring motors in a circuit.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

A DC series motor produces high starting torque.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

In a DC shunt motor, the field coil is connected in parallel with the armature.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

A field rheostat or armature rheostat is used to adjust the speed of a DC shunt motor.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

A DC compound motor combines the operating characteristics of series and shunt motors.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

The speed of a DC motor is controlled by varying the applied voltage across the armature and/or the field.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

An SCR is used to control the speed of a DC motor.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

In a two-speed motor control circuit, the motor can be started in the low or high speed.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

In a modified control circuit, the motor can be changed from low speed to high speed without first stopping the motor.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Compelling circuit logic is used where a motor must always be started at low speed before it can be changed to high speed.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

In accelerating circuit logic, a motor is automatically accelerated from low speed to high speed even if the high pushbutton is pressed first.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

In decelerating circuit logic, a motor decelerates before being changed to a low speed.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

An inverter circuit changes DC power to a variable frequency AC output that controls the speed of a motor.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Motor drive stopping methods include ramp stop, coast stop, DC brake stop, and soft stop (S-curve) stopping methods.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

A ramp stop provides a smooth, controlled deceleration by reducing the voltage applied to a motor.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

In the DC brake stop method, the DC hold level (amount of applied voltage) determines the motor stopping time.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

The soft stop (Scurve) stopping method has a doubled stopping time and an S-curve slope reduction in voltage.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Below 15 Hz, the voltage applied to the motor stator may be boosted to compensate for the large power loss AC motors have at low speed.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Motor drives can be programmed to apply a voltage boost at low motor speeds and to change the standard linear voltsper-hertz ratio to a nonlinear ratio.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Motor drives allow motor acceleration and deceleration speed to be programmed to follow a standard curve, S-curve, or other customized curve.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Motor drive control methods include local control, remote control, and PLC/PC/HMI control.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

A motor drive can control the speed of a motor over a wide range of operating speeds through external control switches connected to the drive input section.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Most variable voltage control circuits use a full-wave triac output to vary the voltage.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

The pulley diameter for a driven machine is obtained from the correct motor rpm, driven rpm, and motor pulley diameter.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Voltage measurements are taken to establish that the voltage is present and at the correct level.

Chapter 18 Accelerating and Decelerating Methods

Current measurements indicate whether a motor is underloaded, fully loaded, or overloaded.