CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Conceptual Theories

context or

or Models or Frame works or Schemes or Maps

THEORY Theory is an imaginative grouping of knowledge, ideas and experience that are represented symbolically and seek to illuminate a given phenomenon. (Watson, 1985)

Theory is a logically interconnected set of confirmed hypothesis. (Mc Kay, 1969)

Theories Not discovered Created & invented Theory construction - creative and intellectual enterprise (Realities) Theories can never be proven or confirmed (New evidence / observation disprove or discredit a theory)

PURPOSES
Knit

observations & facts into an orderly system Make scientific finding meaningful and generalizable. Drawing and summarizing accumulated facts from separate investigations Provides directions and impetus

FUNCTIONS
Descriptions
Explanations Predictions Control

NURSING THEORIES
Knowledge
Practice

building Nursing as a Profession

based on sound reliable knowledge

Predicts

patients response to Nursing care Clinical decision making

NATURE OF THEORIES
Concepts Basic Ingredients / Building bocks of theory (Eg., Health, Interactions & Adaptation) Conceptual models- Spring boards of research hypothesis

DEVELOPING CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

Appropriate research questions Methods and strategies Consistent with existing body of research evidence Conceptual rationale

IILUSTRATION
Classical Learning Theory (Theory of Reinforcement) Reinforced behavior Tend to be repeated Learned (Concept Reinforcement and Learning) (Relationship between concepts)- Hyperactive children PraisesLess Acting out behavior

Illustration Contd..
A Nurse led smoking cessation intervention would reduce rates of smoking among patients with CVDS Prediction

Theoretical rationale
( Behavior change, knowledge , attitude and motivation )

Illustration Contd..
Gender difference in coping with loss of a child

Prediction
Biological gender difference, Role difference, Social experience difference

CHARACTERISTICS OF THEORY
1.Interrelated concepts 2.Logical 3.Relatively simple yet generalizable 4.Bases for hypothesis (Tested or expanded ) Eg. Quantitative / Qualitative) 5.Increase the general body of knowledge 6.Guides and improves practice 7.Leaves open unanswered questions that need to be investigated

STEPS IN THEORY DEVELOPMENT

Criticism

& fault finding Statement of the Problem Concept identification Proposition or principle formation Theory construction Validation of Theory Testing theory

CONSTRUCTION OF THEORY
1.Situation Producing Theory 2.Situation relating Theory 3.Factor relating Theory 4.Factor isolating theory

CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIES
1.Broad range Theories / Grand theories Large segments of human experience- Theories on nursing process 2.Middle range theories- Narrow range of experience Decision making, Stress, Self care, Health promotion, Infant attachment

RESEARCH FRAME WORK

Theory
Theory Theory

Linked Research
Generating Research Testing Research

SELECTION OF THEORY IN RESEARCH

1.Statement of the purpose of the study
2.The Purpose as a declarative statement 3.Purpose as a question 4.Purpose as a hypothesis

THEORY TESTING
Descriptive

Theories ( Qualitative studies ) ( Describe/ classify specific dimensions, characteristics of individuals, groups, situations or events by summarizing observations )

Explanatory Theories

Theory of planned behavior Peoples intention to perform or not perform a behavior

(Attitude

towards behavior Subjective norms Perceived behavior control)

Hypothesis Generation Compliance with a medical regimen, Health decision making behavior, ( Contraceptive choice, Condom use, Preventive health screening )

CATEGORIES OF THEORIES
1.Need / Problem oriented
Nightingale Abdella

Henderson
Orem Hall Watson

2.Interaction oriented
Peplau Orlando

Weidenback
King

patterson

Erickson

3.System oriented
Johnson Roy

Neuman
Levine Leininger

4.Energy Field
Rogers
Parse Newman

Nightingale's Environment Model Florence Nightingale(1874)

Ventilation Warmth Light Noise Variety Bed & Bedding Cleanliness of Room and Walls Nutrition

*Environmental function a Nurse could control

Nightingales Model for Nursing Practice:

Orems self care theory

Dorothea Elizabeth Orem (1991)

Theory of self care self care requisition Universal self care requisition Developmental self care can requisition Health deviant self care requisition

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Peplaus interpersonal relation theory

Hidegaurd . E. peplau (1952) Phases of IPR 1. Orientation felt need 2. Identification- Identification of meeting needs 3. Exploitation relationship( Communication ) 4. Resolution Termination of therapeutic relationship

Concept
Direction

for nursing practice, Education and Research Contribution to nursing knowledge base

Orlandos nursing process theory

Ida jean orlando(1959) 1. Professional function - Responsibility 2. Patient behavior 3. Nurses reaction 4. Nurses action Concept Evaluation of training programmes Testing of validity of nursing formulations

Kings Goal attainment theory

Imogene

King(1975)

Social system (Society) Interpersonal system (groups) Personal system (individuals)

Concept
Nurse

patient interaction - goal attainment

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Erickson, Tomlin Theory of modeling and role modeling Boylin and schoenhofar theory of Nursing and caring Johnson behavioral system model Roy adaptation model Neumans System model Levins four conservative principles Levinges cultural care theory Rogers theory of unitary human being Neumans Theory of health Fitzpatricks rhythm model Travelbees Human Human relationship model Benners excellent and power in clinical nursing practice Mercers Theory in maternal role attainment Adams Conceptual model in nursing Parses man living Health theory Jean Rachel's symbolic intervention Bernards patient child intervention model Penders Health promotion model

Other Theories
Theory

of menstrual care Activities of daily living Theory of quality of family care giving Theory of relapse among ex smokers Theory of uncertainty Theory of peri menopausal process Theory of self transcendence Theory of caring in perinatal nursing Theory of personal risk Theory of illness