Universidad Nacional de Ingeniera

Facultad de Ingeniera Mecnica

Departamento de Electricidad

Lneas de Transmisin
Lneas de Transmisin UNI - FASP

Pararrayos
Fredy Saravia P. Consultor (Expositor) Fredy Saravia Poicn
fsaravia@mail.mba-sil.edu.pe Ing. Electricista, MSc

fsaravia@kievasociados.com

Lima, Octubre de 2001

Lima, Junio del 2009

Aspectos Mecnicos de las Lneas

CONTENIDO

Lneas de Transmisin UNI - FASP

Objetivos Conceptos Principales Ecuacin de Catenaria y su Longitud. Pesos y Sobrecarga del Conductor

Typical surge arrester

Arrester

Arrester

GLD

GLD

Ground lead disconnector (GLD)

Arrester

Spark gap

Grading resistor

Spark gap

22 Blank cartridge

22 Blank cartridge

Grading resistor

Ground lead disconnector

(GLD)

Arrester

22 Blank cartridge

Spark gap

Grading resistor

22 Blank cartridge

IEC 60099-4: GLD test requirements

IEC 60099-4: Specification for metal-oxide surge arresters without gaps for a.c. systems

Type test requirements for GLDs according to IEC 60099-4 are:

Disconnector operation test Disconnector withstand tests

IEC 60099-4: GLD test

requirements

Disconnector operation test:

The time delay for the operation of the disconnector is determined for three values of current, 20 A, 200 A and 800 A

GLD Operating curve

10

Time in seconds

20 A
1

0.1

200 A 800 A

0.01 10 100 Current in Am pere 1000

IEC 60099-4: GLD test

requirements

Disconnector withstand tests:

When an arrester is fitted with a GLD it shall withstand, without operating, each of the following tests:

Long-duration current impulse test

The arrester and GLD are subjected to a series of 18 long-duration current impulses (2000 s square wave).

Operating duty test

The arrester and GLD is subjected to a series of 20 lightning current impulses (10 kA, 8/20 s) and 2 high current impulses (100 kA, 4/10 s).

Field failures

GLDs that fail to operate Premature GLD operation

Field failures: GLDs that fail to operate

Arresters failed

GLDs did not operate

Field failures: Premature GLD operation

Undamaged arrester

GLD operated

Field failures: GLDs that fail to operate

100

GLD operating curves

10

SEF range SEF setting setting range

SEF setting philosophy Trip delay: 3 s to 15 s Pick-up: 3 A to 6 A

Time in seconds

0.1

0.01 1 10 Current in Ampere 100 1000

Product A

Product B

Product C

Field failures: GLDs that fail to operate

100

GLD operating curves

Typical SEF setting:

5s@5A
Time in seconds

10

SEF range SEF setting setting range

Specified minimum GLD operating time:

3s@5A

0.1

0.01 1 10 Current in Ampere 100 1000

Product A

Product B

Product C

Field failures: GLDs that fail to operate

New GLD operating curves

100

10

SEF setting range

Time in seconds

0.1

0.01 1 10 Current in Ampere 100 1000

Product A

Product B

Product C

Typical SEF setting

Eskom's 5 A, 3 s requirement

Field failures: Premature GLD operation

GLD current impulse test points according to IEC 600994 1000000

4/10

100000

8/20

Effective duration of typical lightning current impulses

Current [ A ]

10000

1000

0/2000

100 1 10 100 1000 10000

Time [ us ] Effective duration of impulse (tail time - rise time)

Field failures: Premature GLD operation

Surge arrester X: MOV failure level

Effective duration of typical lightning current impluses
30/80

1000000

4/10

100000

8/20

Current [ A ]

10000

15/350

1000 0/2000

100 1 10 100 1000 10000

Time [ us ] Effective duration of impulse (tail time - rise time)

MOV failure level

Field failures: Premature GLD operation

MOV failure level vs transient operation curve for GLD X

Effective duration of typical lightning current impluses
30/80

1000000

4/10

100000

8/20

Current [ A ]

10000

15/350

1000 0/2000

100 1 10 100 1000 10000

Time [ us ] Effective duration of impulse (tail time - rise time)

MOV failure level GLD X

Field failures: Premature GLD operation

MOV failure level vs transient operation curves for GLD X & 1000000 X1

4/10 100000

8/20 30/80

Effective duration of typical lightning current impluses

Current [ A ]

10000

15/350

1000

0/2000

100 1 10 100 1000 10000

Time [ us ] Effective duration of impulse (tail time - rise time)

MOV failure level GLD X GLD X1

Field failures: Premature GLD operation

Benchmarking with 30/80 s current impulses

40

30

Ipeak [kA]

20

10

0 GLD X GLD C GLD B GLD A

Operated

GLD X1

Withstood

Eskoms GLD test

requirements

1. Disconnector operation test

GLD operating time is determined at 20 A, 200 A and 800 A, as well as at 5 A / 3 s

2. Long duration current impulse withstand test

18 x 2000 s square wave current impulses GLD resistance measurements and 5 A operation verification test

3. Operating duty withstand test

20 x 8/20 s, 10 kA and 2 x 4/10 s, 100 kA current impulses

GLD resistance measurements and 5 A operation verification test

4. High lightning duty current impulse withstand test

2 x 30/80, 30 kA current impulses GLD resistance measurements and 5 A operation verification test

5. Repetitive surge withstand ability test

1000 voltage impulses, sufficient to ensure spark-over of the GLDs internal gap GLD resistance measurements and 5 A operation verification test

6. Moisture ingress test

FIN DE LA EXPOSICION

Lneas de Transmisin UNI - FASP

MUCHAS GRACIAS POR SU ATENCIN

fsaravia@kievasociados.com LIMA - Telf. (051) 1 222 7069 - (051) 1 995 8271

Eskoms unique type test requirements for Lightning Surge Arrester Ground Lead Disconnectors

Presented at: AMEU Convention 2007

Author & presenter: Rossouw Theron (IARC) Co-author: Hendri Geldenhuys (IARC)

Surge Suppresors & Lightning Arreters

To protect against possible S.F.s: 1-family of devices developed known: (a) Surge diverter, (b) Surge suppressor, (c) Lightning arrester 2-these placed in parallel & close 3-permanently connected or sw. in by Spark over of a series gap

Performance of Protective Devices

Normal operation; open gap represents a high impedance

When gap flash over;

switch over to low impedance mode Arc voltage few hundred or a few thousands volts for long gap Surge voltage divided between sys imp. & the protector Imp.

Surge Voltage divided at protector terminal

If: Z1 surge Imp. of sys generated

surge Zp surge Imp. of protector

Z2 surge Imp. Of load Current in S when closes: I=V/{Zp+[Z1Z2/(Z1+Z2)]}= V[Z1+Z2]/[ZpZ1+ZpZ2+Z1Z2] V1= V Zp(Z1+Z2)/ [ZpZ1+ZpZ2+Z1Z2] Z2>>Z1 surge doubled Dissipating energy pot.

Nonlinear Resistor Protectors

Rod gap disadvantage: 1-flashover through a fault on CCT & need CCT interruption 2- do not protect fast rising surges A device limit voltage without creating a fault more attractive
Nonlinear Resistor is Such a device

These resistors resistance diminish as voltage increase

Nonlinear Surge Diverters and The Analysis of their surge reponse

Characteristic : I=kV^ SiC type 2<<6 Fig 16.4 (V-I) SiC versus ZnO(20<<50) Fig 16.13 Employed at all voltage levels 1-small elements to protect relays, 2-in large junks,under oil, across windings of pwr Transformer

Determination of over voltage protection

Examples of characteristic SiC material

Fig gives instantaneous VI characteristic of SiC nonlinear resistors

Operation of Nonlinear Protector

CCT Diagram: Thevenin eq CCT

Zs parallel of Z1 & Z2 V/I characteristic of Zp

shown in Fig (d).

Fig shows variation of surge without arrester Lines on Fig (d) with a slope of tan Zs intersects Zp I2 flowing in Zp I2Zs=V2-V2

Surge Arrester Responsecontinued

As surge reaches V1,V2,V3, voltage on protected object passes through V1,V2,V3,with a considerable reduction It found following the surge variation with combination of Eq CCT & Arrester V/I Characteristic

Traditional Lightning Arresters

Trad.L. Arr. Use nonlinear resistance They have gap or gaps in series It is possible to design the resistor element to satisfy the energy dissipation and voltage-limiting under surge conditions Preferred material ZnO & traditionally SiC

SiC Arresters
When suppressor operates an arc in gap This arc must quenched as surge pass, or resistor will be destroyed In other cases the gap is not required Arresters vary depending on their voltage class & duty however has: Gaps, coils, valve elements (nonlinear res.) They are stacked in series & hermetically sealed in a porcelain housing(6 kV element)

Operation of Gapped Arresters

little different from plain nonl. Resis. Initially behave like a gap with a volt/time curve turn-up relatively slight, less than that of a rod gap Once sparkover occur(in front, peak, or on tail)nonlinear resistor inserted Sequence shown in Fig. 16.8

Metal Oxide Arresters

Metal Oxide Varistors 1- introduced for O/V protection(1960) 2-larger than SiC 3- like SiC is crystalline 4-90% ZnO & metal oxides 5-material is ground, mixed, pressed,& sintered and shape disk

blocks

6-the nonlinear property depond on boundary layers between crystals 7-Fig16-12,VI characteristic, Dyna Var 209kV

Traditional Lightning Arresters

Traditional lightning arresters uses nonlinear resistance elements as before however have a gap or gaps series with them So resistor is isolated from cct under normal conditions & is introduced when a surge appears by sparkover of gap It is possible to design resistor element from energy dissipation & voltage-limiting under surge conditions

Preferred Type of Arrester

Preferred material for application is Zinc Oxide (ZnO) however traditionally SiC used traditional type still in a vast number are in service A different approach relates to a type of surge suppressor, in which when suppressor operates and an arc is established in gap this arc must be quenched when surge passed or resistor will be destroyed by current that flow

Arresters Assembly

Arresters vary in sophistication upon the voltage class & duty generally comprise: gap units, coil units, valve elements of nonlinear resistance material These are stacked in series & hermetically sealed in porcelain housing Principle is shown in next fig.

Valve type Arrester

a- path of surge current Components Shown comprise Requirement for a 6 kV arrester

b- follow current

Operation of Valve type Arresters

Magnetic field created by coil follow current in coil reacts upon this current in arcs of gap assemblies causing them to be driven into arc quenching chambers arc extinction occur at first current zero by elongating & cooling arc Operation of a gapped arrester is little different from plain nonlinear resistor at least up to point of gap sparkover The sequence illustrated in fig.

Operation of gapped type surge Arrester

Surge impinges on arrester Voltage follows surge voltage to point of sparkover P Upon voltage drop to Q, defined by Q determined by load line PQ Then surge climbs to R but protected object sees only S

Spark-over Curves

Volt/time spark-over curves for arresters Surges of: 1.2/50 s

Metal Oxide Arresters

Metal Oxide Varistors 1st for O/V protection in 1960 (safe guard electronic components) Years passed until technology advanced to where large disks of consistent quality & stability made & applied in PWR SYS impact on PWR INDUS. Since then is profound metal oxide material different from silicon carbide in exponent which typically 20 rather than 4 for SiC It is about 90% ZnO & rest of other metal oxides

Metal Oxide Arrester

Material is ground, mixed, pressed, & sintered to form diskshaped blocks with a dense, fine structure Property of SiC derives from bulk material itself, while in ZnO it resides in boundary layers between crystals Grain size & number of boundaries is dependent on sintering process , so VI controlled by sintering as well as composition as shown in next fig.

Metal Oxide Arrester .

Influence of ZnO grain size upon Varistor Voltage However VI characteristic of a real sample named Dyna Var 209 kV metal Oxide arrester shown in fig of next slide

Comparison of SiC & ZnO

Fig 16.13: (for application in 345 kV)

1- a ZnO Arrester 2- a SiC Arrester 3- a Linear Resistor

1&2 a protective level of 2 pu in 10kA The 296 kV intersect MOV in < 1 mA line intersect the SiCs in 200-500 A for MOV : 1- could be operated without a gap 2- If gap employed protected level can be reduced

Comparison of a ZnO & SiC

fig shows comparison of these two & a linear resistor for application 345 kV

Gapless Arresters

Must support Normal Voltage continuously Therefore the L.H.S. of characteristic

Shown in Fig 16-14 is sensitive to Temp. (in given

Voltage increase with Temp.) Working at elevated Temp. increase dissipation & increase Temp. further same situation for MOV operation continuously at too high a voltage Each device a Max. Con. Op. Volt: MCOV Normally close to max. Line to N rms voltage

MOV Parameters & gap type

Dashed line in Fig shows cap. &res. Current components At this voltage level act as a capacitor with mild loss Its dielectric constant about 1000
During quiescent voltage Dis. Between gap and MOV based on capacitance: C1:across Gap ; C3 :MOV capacitance C2 disturb balance between gap 1 & 2,when fast rising surge applied

1st , No. one spark over then 2 & then voltage controlled by
MOV

Surge Arresters Characteristics

MCOV :Max Con operating Voltage Rating is 15-30% more than that & is the highest voltage at which duty cycle test can be performed Test ANSI/IEEE C62.11-1987; should be subjected to 20, 8x20 s current surges at special intervals followed by a test to show thermal stability Energy capability: kilojoules/kV

Parameters Continued
energy limited to 85% of table & repeatable a minute after some cooling Table 16.3 SiC

1st column rating in kV, 2nd front of wave spark over voltage with very fast surges, 3rd spark over voltage with standard 1.5x40 s wave, 4th Max. switching spark over, 5th Max 60 Hz spark over voltage

Similar Data on ZnO some gapped(VS,VX) and ungapped

Application of Surge Arresters

Objective:

1- protect insulation of other equipment 2- without putting itself at risk Highest protective margin or protection ratio desirable; as margin increase energy demand increase proper application need: a compromise contingencies: T.O.V., Lightning , Sw. Surge min protective ratios: 1-chop.wave withstand/Front-of-wave prot.level1.20 2-Full wave withstand (BIL)/Imp. Prot. Level 1.20 3-Sw. surge withstand/Sw. surge prot. Level 1.15

Ratios Requirements and Protection against Switching surge

Ratios met, if possible exceeded (since insulation deteriorate with time) Energy loadings not exceeded Protection against Sw. surge An example of protection of a Transformer switched in through a transmission line, where the line energized from the other end

Example of SW. Surge Protection

Arrangement: where; L=13 mH,Z0=350,

l=200 miles
345 KV sys, 362 kV max design voltage Arrester, with: MCOV=362/3=209 kV

Example continued
Surge

traveling down the line:

V(t)=(1-e^-t)V , = Z0/L V=voltage across the switch at closing

1/=37

s short compared to: travel time 1.075 ms

When

reach far end approach 2V after 3 to 4 time constants

Discussion on Arrester Response

Closing

at peak; Voltage at transformer : 591 kV

Transformer BIL 900 kV & SIL=0.83x900=747kV However, Arrester conduct, What is the energy absorbed?

Example continued..

Neglecting corona, & other dampings

1-surge at Arr. rise to 591KV remain constant until reflection return from source (after 2.15ms) 2-arrester restrict voltage at transformer by: its characteristic & load line

Example ContinuedNormal case

Q1, dissipated power OP1Q1R1:423x480=203040 kW

energy in 2.15 ms =436.5 kJ In term of arrester: 436.5/209=2.09 kJ/kV

Example continued with Trapped charge

Breaker recloses at pos peak voltage when neg peak voltage trapped on line

voltage at arrester attempt swingvp to3vp

Reach 887 kV which exceeds the transformer SIL

Shifting load line to right at Q2, 530 kV & 1020 A

Voltage within SIL limit of transformer Energy dissipation:530x1020x2.15ms=1162 kJ In term of arrester 1162/209=5.56 kJ/kV

Assignment N0.4 (Solution)

Question 1 13.8 KV, 3ph Bus

L=0.4/314=1.3 mH

Xc=13.8 /5.4=35.27 , C=90.2F Z0=101.3/9.02=3.796 Vc(0)=11.27KV Ipeak=18000/3.796= 4.74 KA

Question 1

1- Vp=2x18-11.27=24.73 KV Trap 2- Assuming no damping, reaches Again the same neg. peak and 11.27KV trap 3- 1/2 cycle later (18-11.27)=-6.73 Vp2=-(24.73+2x6.73)=-38.19 KV

Question 2
C.B. reignites during opening&1st Peak voltage on L2 L2=352,L1=15mH,

C=3.2nF So reigniting at Vp, 2 comp.: Ramp:Vs(0).t/[L1+L2]= 1382x10 /[3(352+15)x10]=0.307x10^6 t Oscill.of : f01=1/2 x {[L1+L2]/L1L2C}
Z0={L1L2/[c(L1+L2)]} component2:as Sw closes Ic=[Vs(0)-Vc(0)] /{L1L2/[c(L1+L2)]}

2VpC/L1=104.1 A

Question 2 continued
Eq of Reignition current I t + Im sin0t which at current zero: sin0t=-It/Im , 0=1/LC1=1.443x10^5 Sin 1.443x10^5t=-0.307x10^6t/104.1=2.949x10^3t Sin 1.443x10^5t =-2.949x10^3t

t(s): 70 68 -0.6259 -0.3780 -0.2064 0.2005 67 -0.2409 -0.1376 66.7 -0.1987 -0.1967 66.8 -0.1959 -0.1966

Question 2
t=66.68s I1=0.307x66.68=20.47 A Vp=I1L2/C=20.47x10.488=214.7 KV

Question 3
69 KV, 3ph Cap. N isolated, poles interrupt N.Seq. 160 1st reignite Xc=69 /30=158.7

C=20F,CN=0.02F
Vs-at-reig=692/3cos160

=-52.94 KV

Trap Vol.:
VA(0)=56.34KV

VB(0)=20.62KV,VC(0)= -76.96KV,VCN(0)=28.17KV Vrest=56.34+28.17+52.94=13 7.45 KV

Question 3 continued

Z0=L/CN=5.3x0.2 x100=514 Ip-restrike=137.45/514=0.267KA=267A F0=1/[2LCN]=10^6/{253x2}=15.45 KHz

Voltage swing N=2x137.45=274.9 KV VN=28.7-274.9=-246.73 KV VB=-246.73+20.6=-226.13 KV VC=-246.73+-76.96=-323.69 KV