TWI CSWIP 3.1 Wis 5 Welding Inspection Consumables Identification & Control

TWI CSWIP 3.
1 WIS 5 WELDING INSPECTION CONSUMABLES IDENTIFICATION & CONTROL SECTION 14

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd
World Centre for Materials Joining Technology
WELDING CONSUMABLES.
FILLER RODS or FILLER WIRES:
Consumables added separately to the weld pool.
ELECTRODES:
Consumables which are part of the welding circuit, providing one end of the arc.
WELDING CONSUMABLES
All those things used up in the production of a weld Though generally, we refer to those elements that are used in a specific welding process i.e:
Electrodes, Wires, Fluxes and Gases
WELDING CONSUMABLES
welding fluxes (SAW) TIG/PAW rods
cored wire
SAW strips
MIG/MAG solid wire covered electrodes
SAW solid wire welding gases (MIG/MAG, FCAW, TIG)

Courtesy of ESAB AB
COVERED ELECTRODES.
THREE GENERIC TYPES OF ELECTRODE COVERING:
RUTILE CELLULOSIC BASIC
COVERED ELLECTRODE PACKAGES

Plastic foil sealed cardboard box rutile electrodes general purpose basic electrodes acid electrodes Tin can cellulosic electrodes
Courtesy of Lincoln Electric
Vacuum sealed pack extra low hydrogen electrodes

Covered electrode inspection

1: Electrode size (diameter and length)
2: Covering condition: adherence, cracks, chips and concentricity
3: Electrode classification /designation

EN 499-E46 3 1Ni B
Iron powder Ease arc ignition & reduce stop/start porosity (optional!)
Covered electrode treatment

Rutile. General purpose electrodes. Cellulosic: Developed for positional welding in the vertical down position. Stove pipe welding. Keep dry. May be dried up to 120C- No baking! Use straight from the box Do Not require baking or drying! May require baking to achieve low hydrogen content! Vacuum packed used straight from box within 4 hours.
Basic. Low hydrogen electrodes. Used for high quality welds.

Type of coverings
Rutile covering: are based on titanium oxide
easy to strike arc, less spatter, easy to remove slag, excellent for positional welding
produce finely rippled regular welds; also concave fillet welds increase fatigue life! can be dried needs a reasonable proportion of combined water to keep the covering intact if moisture is driven off, the binding of the flux will suffer hydrogen content is 25-30 ml/100 g of weld metal
Type of coverings
Cellulosic covering: flour and wood pulp are common constituents weld metal has a very high hydrogen content resultant slag layer is thin
coarse weld profile

excellent penetration can weld on vertical down position fast travel speed! does not require baking or drying (excessive heat will damage electrode covering!) restricted to stove pipe welding! hydrogen content is 80-90 ml/100 g of weld metal
Type of coverings
Basic covering: contain calcium compounds like calcium fluoride and calcium carbonate a.k.a. lime-coated basic refers to the chemical behaviour of the flux can contain iron powder increased efficiency (but less slag poor positional capabilities!) have the lowest level of hydrogen (less than 5 ml/100 g of weld metal) needs baking to perform correctly (at approximately 350C for 2,5 hours; see also manufacturer recommendations!) after baking, maintain at minimum 120C to prevent moisture pick-up cannot be rebaked indefinitely!

Baking oven need temperature control
requires calibration
Heated quivers only for maintaining of electrodes after baking


Basic electrodes Baking in oven 2,5 hours at 350C!
Limited number of rebakes!
After baking, maintain in oven at 150C
If not used within 4 hours, return to oven and rebake!

Use from quivers at 75C
Weld
FUNCTIONS OF THE FLUX.

CAN BE SUMMARISED AS: 1. Provides a gas shield to protect the molten pool from atmospheric contamination. 2. Provides a slag which gives additional shielding to the weld pool. The slag also slows down cooling. 3. Improves the physical properties of the arc. Additives improve arc initiation, stability and ease of use. 4. Weld metal alloys can be introduced to improve metallurigal properties of the weld and increase electrode efficiency.
Electrode efficiency
up to 180% for iron powder electrodes
mass of metal deposited Electrode efficiency mass of core wire melted
75-90% for usual electrodes

BS EN 499 MMA Covered Electrodes

Compulsory
S. T. C.

Optional

Compulsory Optional

E 46 3 1Ni B 5 4 H5
Covered Electrode
Yield Strength N/mm2 Tensile Strength N/mm2

Toughness Chemical composition
Flux Covering Weld Metal Recovery and Current Type Welding Position
Hydrogen Content
CONSUMABLES .
QUESTIONS ?
BSEN 499 Question 1.

Describe each part of the following types of electrode; E 38 0 C E 50 4 2Ni B 2 1 H5 E 42 2 R 1 3 H15
BSEN 499 Question 1. Answer

Describe each part of the following types of electrode; E 38 0 C E Electrode 38 Strength, Yield, UTS, Elongation. 0 Impact Properties. (47 joules @ 0C) No symbol Chemical composition 2.0Mn C Covering Cellulosic E 50 4 2Ni B 2 1 H5 E 42 2 R 1 3 H15

E 50 4 2Ni B 2 1 H5 E - Electrode 50 Strength, Yield, UTS, Elongation. 4 Impact Properties. (47 joules @ -40C) 2Ni Chemical composition.(1.4Mn,1.8 -2.6Ni) B Covering Basic 2 Weld metal recovery & type of current 1 Position H5 Hydrogen content E 42 2 R 1 3 H15

E 42 2 R 1 3 H15
E - Electrode 42 Strength, Yield, UTS, Elongation. 2 Impact Properties. (47 joules @ -20C) No symbol Chemical composition.(2.0Mn) R Covering Rutile 1 Weld metal recovery & type of current 3 Position

Which, if any of the following types of electrode would require baking? E 38 0 C E 50 4 2Ni B 2 1 H5
E 42 2 R 1 3 H15
BSEN 499 Question 2. Answer.

Which, if any of the following types of electrode would require baking? E 38 0 C Cellulosic No baking
E 50 4 2Ni B 2 1 H5 Basic Will require baking E 42 2 R 1 3 H15 Rutile Keep dry but no baking
What is meant by S.T.C. ?

STC STRENGTH. TOUGHNESS. COVERING.
AWS A5.1 electrode designation
E 7018
AWS A5.1 Electrodes

E 70 1 8
Covered Electrode Tensile Strength (p.s.i) Welding Position
Flux Covering & Electrical Characteristics

AWS A5.5 electrode designation
E 8016 -D3
AWS A5.5 Alloyed Electrodes

E 80 1 6 D3
Covered Electrode
Tensile Strength (p.s.i)

Welding Position Flux Covering
Alloy Content
1.5%Mn/0.5%Mo
BSEN 499 Question .

Would a change of electrode from one classified to BSEN 499 as E 46 3 1Ni B to an electrode classified to AWS A5.1 as E 7018 be considered as an essential variable for;
A Welding Procedure Qualification Test

A Welder Qualification Test
BSEN 499 Question .

A Welding Procedure Qualification Test An essential variable
A Welder Qualification Test A non-essential variable as both electrodes are basic
Welder qualification test based on degree of difficulty.
AWS Question 1.
Which of the following AWS classified electrodes have cellulose coatings? E6010 E7016 E7012 E6011 E6013 E7018 E9010 - G
ANSWER AWS Question 1.

Which of the following AWS classified electrodes have cellulose coatings? E6010- Cellulosic E7016 - Basic E7012 Rutile Wrong value for UTS E6011 - Cellulosic E6013 Rutile E7018 Basic E9010 G Cellulosic - Classified to AWS A5.5
SAW filler material

Wire/flux combination designation acc. BS EN 756: Type of welding flux Tensile properties
Standard number
EN 756 - S 46 3 AB S2
Wire electrode and/or wire/flux combination Impact properties Chemical composition of wire electrode
SAW filler material

Wire/flux combination designation acc. AWS A-5.17: Temperature for impact test Minimum UTS of weld metal (10 ksi) Standard number
AWS A-5.17 F 6 A 2-EM12K 2 EM12K

SAW welding flux
Heat treatment conditions

Chemical composition of wire electrode
SAW Fluxes
Agglomerated
SAW Fluxes
Fused
CONSUMABLES .
QUESTIONS ?
Other filler material treatment

Welding flux:
might be fused or agglomerated supplied in bags must be kept warm and dry handling and stacking requires care
Fused fluxes are normally not hygroscopic but particles can hold surface moisture so only drying
Agglomerated fluxes contain chemically bonded water. Similar treatment as basic electrodes
If flux is too fine it will pack and not feed properly. It cannot be recycled indefinitely
BSEN 440 MAG filler material

Wire designation acc. BS EN 440: Type of shielding gas Tensile properties
Standard number
EN 440 - G 46 3 M G3Si1
Weld deposit produced by gas shielded metal arc welding Impact properties Type of wire electrode
AWS MAG filler material

Wire designation acc. AWS A-5.18: Chemical composition of the solid wire or of the weld metal in case of composite electrodes Minimum UTS of weld metal (ksi) Standard number
AWS A-5.18 ER 70 S-6 S-6

Designate an electrode/rod (ER) or only an electrode (E) Solid (S) or composite (C) wire

Consumable inserts:
used for root runs on pipes used in conjunction with TIG welding available for carbon steel, Cr-Mo steel, austenitic stainless steel, nickel and copper-nickel alloys different shapes to suit application
Radius
Gases
supplied in cylinders
colour coded to minimise wrong use

subject to regulations concerned handling, quantities and positioning of storage areas moisture content is limited to avoid cold cracking Dew point (the temperature at which the vapour begins to condense) must be checked
storage tanks for large quantities

BS EN 10204-Type of documents
Non-specific inspection documents Type 2.1 Name: Declaration of compliance with the order Content: statement of compliance with the order (doesnt include test results!) Who validate it - the manufacturer
Type 2.2
Name: Test report Content: statement of compliance with the order (include test results!) Who validate it - the manufacturer
BS EN 10204-Type of documents
Specific inspection documents
Type 3.1
Type 3.2
Name: Inspection certificate 3.1 Content: statement of compliance with the order (include specific test results!) Who validate it - the manufacturer inspection (independent of manufacturing department!)
Name: Inspection certificate 3.2 Content: statement of compliance with the order (include specific test results!) Who validate it - the manufacturer inspection (independent of manufacturing department!) + purchasers/official designated authorised inspector
Quality assurance
filler material must be stored in an area with controlled temperature and humidity
poor handling and incorrect stacking may damage coatings, rendering the electrodes unusable
there should be an issue and return policy for welding consumables (system procedure) control systems for electrode treatment must be checked and calibrated; those operations must be recorded filler material suppliers must be approved before purchasing any material

Welding flux: must be kept warm and dry handling and stacking requires care
fused fluxes are normally not hygroscopic but particles can hold surface moisture only drying
agglomerated fluxes contain chemically bonded water similar treatment as basic electrodes for high quality, agglomerated fluxes can be recycled with new flux added if flux is too fine it will pack and not feed properly cannot be recycled indefinitely

Ceramic backing: used to support the weld pool on root runs usually fitted on an aluminium self adhesive tape allow increased welding current without danger of burn-through increased productivity, consistent quality different profiles to suit different applications no backing/drying required

Welding wires: supplied on wire/plastic spools or coils
random or line winding
plastic spool
wire spool
coil

Welding wires: carbon and low alloy wires are copper coated stainless steel wires are not coated
wires must be kept clean and free from oil and dust flux cored wires does not require baking or drying
Courtesy of ESAB AB

How to check the quality of welding wires:
Cast diameter Helix size - limited to 25 mm to avoid problems with arc wandering!
Cast diameter improves the contact force and define the contact point; usually 4001200 mm
Contact point close to contact tip end - GOOD!

Contact point remote from contact tip end - POOR!

Welding rods: supplied in cardboard/plastic tubes
must be kept clean and free from oil and dust

might require degreasing

Application of consumable inserts

Cellulosic and acid electrodes Use straight from the box - No baking/drying! If necessary, dry up to 120C- No baking!
Rutile electrodes
Vacuum packed basic electrodes
Use straight from the pack within 4 hours No rebaking!

Welding flux: might be fused, agglomerated or mixed supplied in bags/pails (approx. 25 kg) or bulk bags (approx. 1200 kg)

Inspection of consumables
Why? How?
Non-specific inspection carried out by the manufacturer in accordance with its own procedures the products inspected are NOT necessarily the products supplied!
To assess whether the products are in compliance with the requirements of the order or not see BS EN 10204 Specific inspection carried out before delivery in accordance to product specification inspection is performed on the products to be supplied or on test units of which the products supplied are part
Moisture pick-up
Moisture pick-up as a function of: temperature humidity

Type of coverings
Acid covering: contains large quantities of iron oxide - need deoxidants to preserve mechanical properties of the weld deposit (especially toughness!) the slag cannot remove impurities from the weld pool susceptible to solidification cracking! high in hydrogen susceptible to cold cracking! produces flat and smooth welds, with deep penetration fast freezing/easy to detach slag used for positional welding does not require backing or drying limited use due to poor mechanical properties!

TWI CSWIP 3.1 Wis 5 Welding Inspection Consumables Identification & Control

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TWI CSWIP 3.1 Wis 5 Welding Inspection Consumables Identification & Control

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TWI CSWIP 3.

1 WIS 5 WELDING INSPECTION CONSUMABLES IDENTIFICATION & CONTROL SECTION 14

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Electrodes, Wires, Fluxes and Gases

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

MIG/MAG solid wire covered electrodes

SAW solid wire welding gases (MIG/MAG, FCAW, TIG)

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

RUTILE CELLULOSIC BASIC

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

COVERED ELLECTRODE PACKAGES

Courtesy of Lincoln Electric

Vacuum sealed pack extra low hydrogen electrodes

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Covered electrode inspection

2: Covering condition: adherence, cracks, chips and concentricity

3: Electrode classification /designation

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Covered electrode treatment

Basic. Low hydrogen electrodes. Used for high quality welds.

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

coarse weld profile

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd

Covered electrode treatment

Heated quivers only for maintaining of electrodes after baking

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Covered electrode treatment

Limited number of rebakes!

After baking, maintain in oven at 150C

If not used within 4 hours, return to oven and rebake!

Use from quivers at 75C

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

FUNCTIONS OF THE FLUX.

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd

mass of metal deposited Electrode efficiency mass of core wire melted

75-90% for usual electrodes

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

BS EN 499 MMA Covered Electrodes

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

BS EN 499 MMA Covered Electrodes

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

BS EN 499 MMA Covered Electrodes

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

BS EN 499 MMA Covered Electrodes

Yield Strength N/mm2 Tensile Strength N/mm2

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

BSEN 499 Question 1.

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

BSEN 499 Question 1. Answer

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology