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SM
Scope
Prevention of Apparatus Failure and Power System Interruptions due to Insulation Failure
Enhance System Reliability Minimize Damage to Apparatus Enhances Safety to Personnel Minimize Loss of Revenue
Benefit
Degradation of Insulation, if detected before failure, can generally be restored to its original condition Defer replacement costs Inspection interval may be safety extended or scheduled to utilize resources efficiently and effectively
Verify that new apparatus meets purchased specification and agrees with factory test reports Assures proper field Assembly
Definition
Definition
Insulation
IEEE Defines Insulation as:Material or a combination of suitable non-conducting material that provides electrical isolation of two parts at different voltages.
Clarification
Insulation relates to a mediums ability to prevent the flow of current, I.e. poor conduc Dielectric implies that the medium or material has specific measurable properties such as: Dielectric Strength, Dielectric Constant, Dielectric Loss and Power Factor.
Dielectric Constant
In 1836, Michael Faraday (the father of the Capacitance -- Just look at his name) discovered that when the plates between a capacitor were filled with another insulating material, the capacitance would change. This factor is the dielectric constant e By definition the dielectric constant of a Vacuum is 1.0. All other dielectric constants are referenced to this standard. Oil e=2.2 Vacuum
Cvacuum=10 pF
Coil = e x Vacuum = 22 pF
Dielectric Loss
Dielectric Loss is the time rate at which electric energy is transformed into heat in a dielectric when it is subjected to an electric field. The heat generated is given in terms of Watts.
iR Watts
Watts = E IR
Watts = Contamination + Deterioration Contamination = Water + Carbon + Dirt Deterioration = Carbon + Corona
Fundamental measurement
Perfect Insulator
The Capacitor
RS CP CS
Series Circuit Parallel Circuit
Magnitude
-1.5 0.5 1.5 -1 0 1 -0.5
0.1 0.7 1.3 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.5
Tim e
No phase shift
6.1 6.7 7.3 7.9 8.5 9.1 9.7 10.3 10.9 11.5 12.1
Current
Voltage
IR = I T
IR = E/R W=EIR
q=0o
IR
Real Component
IC1
IT1
IR1
IR2
Power Factor is an evaluation of the quality of the insulation and is size independent remains the same regardless of the size of the transformer
Definition
EI I = = EI I
R T
Watts PF = Cosine q = EI
T
Overall evaluate of the insulation (physical and quality) requires at once one other piece of information, size independent
Measurement Overview
Capacitanc e
IT
Reference
Applied Voltage
Measure
Total Current Vector
Angle Magnitude
Calculate
Watts
Basic Insulation & Power Factor Theory Power Factor Vs. Dissipation Factor Vs. Tangent Delta
IC
IT
d
Q
Q 90 89.71 84.26 0
IR
d 0 .29 5.74 90
Voltage sensitive characteristics When we closely examine insulation, very small gaps or voids could exist. These voids develop an electrostatic potential on their surfaces. These small gaps become ionized: Partial Discharge/Corona.
Voids
Tip-Up = Power Factor at Line-to-ground voltage Power Factor at 25% Line-to-ground voltage
%PF
E
25% L-G L-G
Tip-up occurs in dry-type insulation specimens such as Dry Type Transformer, rotating machinery, and cables.
Knowledge Is Power
SM
Measurement Principle
Doble Engineering Company
Basic Laws of Electricity A Difference in Potential Must Exist Between Two Points in order for current to flow Current Always Returns to Its Source Current Always Takes the Path of Least Resistance
Test Set operation is based on the Relative Positions of the Power Source, Current & Loss Meter, and the Insulation Specimen with respect to the various test leads.
Low-Voltage Lead
Guard
Current & Loss Meter
Test Ground
High-Voltage Cable
Low-Voltage Lead
Guard
Current & Loss Meter
Test Ground
High-Voltage Cable
LowVoltage Lead
Guard
Test Ground
Current & Loss Meter
Measure CA and CB
High-Voltage Cable
IA
GST-Ground CA
IB CB
Guar d
IA+IB
Current & Loss Meter
LowVoltage Lead
Test Ground
Measure CA Guard CB
High-Voltage Cable
GST-Guard CA
Test-Set Step-Up Transformer
IA
IB CB
IB
Guard
Current & Loss Meter
LowVoltage Lead
Test Ground
Measure CA Ground/Guard CB
High-Voltage Cable
UST CA
Test-Set Step-Up Transformer LowVoltage Lead
IA
IB
CB
IA
Guard Test Ground
Current & Loss Meter
Measure CA + CB + CC
High-Voltage Cable
IA CA
I
B
IC C
B
CC
LowVoltage Leads
IA+IB +IC
Guard
Current & Loss Meter
Test Ground
Measure CB + CC
High-Voltage Cable
IA CA
I
B
IC C
B
CC
LowVoltage Leads
IB +IC
Guard
Current & Loss Meter
Test Ground
Measure CA + CC
High-Voltage Cable
IA CA
I
B
IC C
B
CC
LowVoltage Leads
IA+IC
Guard
Current & Loss Meter
Test Ground
Measure CC
High-Voltage Cable
IA CA
I
B
IC C
B
CC
LowVoltage Leads
IC
Guard
Current & Loss Meter
Test Ground
Measure CA + CB
High-Voltage Cable
IA CA
I
B
IC C
B
CC
LowVoltage Leads
IA+IB
Guard Test Ground
Current & Loss Meter
Measure CB
High-Voltage Cable
IA CA
I
B
IC C
B
CC
LowVoltage Leads
IB
Guard Test Ground
Current & Loss Meter
Measure CA
High-Voltage Cable
IA CA
I
B
IC C
B
CC
LowVoltage Leads
IA
Guard Test Ground
Current & Loss Meter
I e I e
Ie
I e
I e
I e
Static Source
Ie
High-Voltage Test Cable Test Cable Guard Shield Test Cable Ground Shield
It
LV Lead
Test Set Ground Shield
Test Set Guard Shield
Ie
Specimen
Ie
Ie+ Ie
Ie I e
IT
Current & Loss Meter
Electrostatic Interference
Characteristics of Interference IC
IR
IL
IT IT
IR
IL
IC IR
Measurements Current
Interference
57
60
63
Frequency (HZ)
Cannot be suppressed
Stability will affect accuracy of measure
Ground M4100 Connect test lead to the M4100 first Never come in contact with the test leads while testing