Renewable Energy Sources

composed by

Dragica Vasileska

In the last 100 years, the Earth warmed up by ~1 C

100 years is nothing by geological time scales

Can we predict the past!

Climate change due to natural causes (solar variations, volcanoes, etc.)

Climate change due to natural causes and human generated greenhouse gases

CO2 Concentration, Tem erature, and Sea !evel Continue to Rise !ong a"ter Emissions are Reduced

Sea%level rise due to ice melting& se"eral millennia

CO2 emissions ea) 0 to 100 years

Sea%level rise due to thermal e' ansion& centuries to millennia Tem erature stabili(ation& a #ew centuries CO2 stabili(ation& 100 to $00 years

CO2 emissions
Today #$$ years #,$$$ years

Chu

%he possibility & likelihood o# global warming is disturbing '

* but there may be a bigger roblem+

Consum tion o" Energy ,ncreased by -./ 0etween #12$ and #111
By 2020, Consumption will Triple
6uadrillion 0tu

2$$ 3$$ .$$ 4$$ 5$$ 2$$ #$$ $

History

Projections

#12$ #12. #1-$ #1-. #11$ #11. #111 2$$. 2$#$ 2$#. 2$2$

7orld roduction o" oil and gas is redicted to ea) within #$ % 4$ years

(010

Energy conservation and e""iciency can buy time (a "actor o" 82) but the "undamental roblem remains

Electrical generation

)witch #rom petroleum to coal and natural gas

*hy has hydroelectric declined!

*hen did nuclear go up!

Estimates o# depletable energy resources in the 87)7

+umbers , how long it would last i# all energy came #rom one source
-esource Coal /etroleum +atural gas 0il shale reco"erable 1(. . . 0 reco"erable and hoped #or 1$00 .0! .0! (.00

Con"entional reactors 1reeder reactors 3usion

$ 11.

1. 2.0 104 to 105

6eothermal sur#ace deep rock

07( 0

40 400

Estimates o# renewable energy

+umbers , proportion o# current 87)7 energy needs that could be supplied #or an inde#inite period7

%idal energy 0rganic *aste /hotosynthesis 9ydropower *ind /ower )olar radiation

071 071 07($ 071: . 2:0

%oday@ /roduction Cost o# Electricity

;in the 87)7 in (00(<
25 20 15 10 Cost

(.=.0 >

Cost, >&k*=hr

1=: > (7$=.70 >

5 0 Coal Gas Oil

4=? >

.=2 >

4=2 >

Wind

Nuclear

Solar

Courtesy +ate Aewis

Energy Costs
9$.$.:)7%hr
14 12
Europe

10
Brazil

$/GJ

8 6 4 2 0 Coal Oil Biomass

Elect

www.undp.org/seed/eap/activities/wea Courtesy +ate Aewis

;otential Sources o" Energy when <ossil <uels Run Out

+uclear 3usion
Bagnetic /lasma Con#inement, Inertial 3usion

=uclear <ission

*aste C +uclear /roli#eration

10 %* , 10,000 new 1 6* reactors@ i7e7, a new reactor e"ery other day #or the neDt .0 years

Solar, 7ind and 7ater

7e do not )now how to store electrical energy on a massive scale

>eothermal

9eat near sur#ace o# the earth , geysers, "olcanoes, hot springs

Solar to Chemical Energy

CO 2 Sugar

O2

?2

sc

?2 O O2
;hotosynthesis

sc

?2 O

Semiconductor: liAuid Bunctions

;hotovoltaic and electricity to chemical

Energy gained in corn ethanol production

Total CO2 emissions

3rom )ummary o# -enewable 3uel 0ptions ;+CE/<

E8nlike corn ethanol, cellulosic ethanol has potential to achie"e near=Fero net carbon emissions7 Culti"ation o# cellulosic #eedstocks reGuires "ery low energy inputs and, i# sustainably managed, the carbon released during #uel combustion is reabsorbed by the growth o# new #eedstocks7H

>eothermal Energy in @ore Cetails

8se heat to make steam to turn turbine #or electrical generation +ote@ deep hot waters are corrosi"e to best to inIect clean water in a closed system and bring it back to the sur#ace as steam7

In 87)7, much done on public land , cheap

Very little potential in east and mid west

*orld wide distribution o# "olcanos, hot springs, etc7

Japan, Iceland,+ew Kealand big users o# geothermal7

Llthough hot areas near sur#ace are limited, the earth is hot e"erywhere i# you go down #ar enough7

1right idea ! M drill deep enough to #ind heat7 )ince rock is a poor conductor o# heat, set o## a big bomb to crack the rock and allow heat to mo"e M then pump down water to make steam7

?ydro ower in @ore Cetails

9ydropower , dams

+ot much used in world, why!!

+orway, Kambia, 6hana big users

Bost unused hydropower in 87)7 , Llaska, In *orld , Canada, -ussia

/roblems with hydroelectric

N Aocation , unused ri"ers are in eDtreme north or low population areas N Competition with recreational uses ;87)7< and en"ironmental concerns N 9ard to build dams in populated ri"er "alleys N )iltation o# dams M limited li#e7

Tidal ;ower
17 In areas o# large tides

(7 Lnywhere M build o##shore dam

9ighest tides in the world , 1ay o# 3undy 14 meters , :?O #eet

%idal power anywhere

17 +o dam M but a turbine7

/roblems@ 17 Corrosion (7 +a"igation $7 Lppearance :7 Lmount o# energy a"ailable is low .7 1est tides are near poles M away #rom people7

7ind ;ower in @ore Cetails

1anning /ass

7ind ;ower >eneration

1est wind location , Lleutian Islands, why no wind de"elopment there!

1est 87)7 localities Bidwest, mountains Lnd coastal areas7

+etherlands , coastal de"elopment

England , o## shore

*ind energy problems

N N N N Aocation M near population center 1ird migration M Visual Bust be coupled with other sources o# electricity ;intermittent supply<

Solar Energy in @ore Cetails

17 )olar %hermal

Lt #ocal point , heat liGuid M steam to turn turbine

)olar -esource #or a Concentrating Collector

1ig /lants

(7 )olar /hoto"oltaics

PhardQ "s Pso#tQ energy paths

9ard , 17 1ig plants (7 CentraliFed production )o#t , 17 DecentraliFed (7 units per household

1ig /lants

DecentraliFed

Energy e##icient houseR wind power on roo#7 )olar panels #or heat and electricity7

)olar electricity generation

)olar water heating

solar air heating

)olar house problems

N %he Aos Lngeles air , smog N -etro#itting= "ery eDpensi"e N 9ard #or big hotels, *almarts, etc7

)olar house economics

N Ldd S14,000 to price o# house N /ay back = S1.00 per year in energy costs N 1. years to break e"en
3ederal taD incenti"eR :0T o# in"estment can be written o##7 Discontinued in 15?4 City o# Claremont M solar energy ordinance7 40T o# hot water M solar EDceptions #or eGui"alent sa"ings o# energy , Colleges approach7 *hy not trust solar!