Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Introduction Components of circulatory systems Fluid - contains transport molecules and cells (blood or hemolymph) Pump - to move the fluid around Conduits (vessels) - to carry the fluid between pump and body tissues

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Introduction Types of circulatory systems

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Introduction Open and Closed systems Open circulation
Contains Hemolymph Hemolymph moves from vessels to extracellular spaces among tissues Hemocoel - extracellular spaces containing hemolymph Hemolymph may be moved by body movements, cilia or flagella, or by hearts

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Introduction Circulation in an open system

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Introduction Open and Closed systems Colsed circulation
Contains Blood Blood moves through vessels but not among tissues Capillaries - exchange of materials occur Blood moved about the body by the heart or by body movements

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Introduction Ciruclation in a closed system

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Fluids Two components to circulatory fluids
Plasma Watery, containing dissolved and dispersed molecules

Cellular elements
In hemolymph
Hemocytes - various cell types Responsible for immune functions, clotting, oxygen transport Blood Erythrocytes - red blood cells for transporting oxygen Leukocytes - white blood cells for immune response Thrombocytes for platelets - for clotting

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Fluids
The Hematocrit Percent of packed cell volume in whole blood
Human - 45% in males; 42% in females White whale - 53% in females; 52% in males Pekin duck - 45% at seal level; 56% at high altitude Sriped bass - 39% at 5C; 53% at 25C

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Introduction Plasma and Hematocrit volumes

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems Plasma in Circulatory Fluids
Circulatory Fluids
Contains 90% or more water A medium for carrying organic and inorganic substances Plasma proteins - 6-8% of plasma weight -osmotic pressure and buffering Most abundant electrolytes - Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+, and Ca++ Nutrients - glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins Waste - creatinine, bilirubin, urea Dissolved gases

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Fluids
Erythrocytes Transport oxygen Transport carbon dioxide Oblong oval or biconcaved flattened discs Flexible Contain no nucleus, orgennelles, or ribosomes Contain plasma and hemoglobin Does not use the oxygen that they carry Lifespan - 100 to 120 days

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Fluids
Erythrocytes

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Fluids Blood Cell Production (Hemopoiesis)

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps
Pumps Flagella
Fluid moved by beating epithelial cells

Extrinsic muscle or skeletal pumps

Fluid moved by motion of skeletal muscles May occur during locomotion

Peristaltic muscle pumps

Occurs during contraction of vessel muscle walls

Chamber muscle pumps

Hearts Most have at least two chambers

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Types of pumps in animals

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Two chambered heart

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Dual Pumps in Avian and Mammalian Hearts 4 chambers - 2 atria and 2 ventricles Atria receive and store blood Ventricles pump blood away from the heart Veins return blood to the heart Arteries take blood away from the heart Septum is muscular tissue that separates the two sides of the heart

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps
Dual Pumps

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Atria - holding chambers Ventricles - produce pressure to drive blood through system Arteries - low-resistance, little pressure loss, pressure resevoirs Arterioles - high resistance, regulate blood pressure, distribute blood to various organs Capillaries - site for nutrient and waste product exchange Venules - nutrient and waste product exchange, regulates capillary blood pressure Veins - low resistance conduits, facilitates flow back to the heart

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Heart Valves Ensure Unidirectional Blood Flow

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps The Mammalian Heart

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Blood flow through mammalian heart

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps The Mammalian Ventricles Myocardium Epicardium Epicardium

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Mechanism of Valve Action

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Organization of Mammalian Cardiac Muscle Fibers Intercalated discs Desmosomes Gap junctions Functional syncytium Myoglobin

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Conducting Pathway in Mammalian Heart SA node Internodal pathway AV node Bundle of His Left & Right bundle branches Purkinje fibers

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Conducting Pathway in Mammalian Heart

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Pacemaker Activity in Cardiac Autorhythmic Cells Pacemaker cells
SA node AV node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers

Pacemaker potential
Decrease in outward K+ current Constant inward Na+ current Increase in inward Ca++ current

Depolarization

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Pacemaker Activity of Cardiac Autorhythmic Cells

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Action Potential of Contractile Cardiac Muscle Cells RMP about -90 mV Rising phase - influx of Na+ Initial repolarization - PNA+; PCa2+; PK+ Plateau - slow inward Ca2+ current; decreased K+ efflux Repolarization - inactivation of Ca2+ channels; increase outward K+ current

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems

Circulatory Pumps Action Potential and Tension Development in Cardiac Contractile Muscle Cell Refractory period Tetanus

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Action Potential of Contractile Cardiac Muscle Cells

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Comparison of action potential in different regions of the heart

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps The Electrocardiogram

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Mechanical Events of Mammalian Cardiac Cycle

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Pumps Mechanical Events of Mammalian Cardiac Cycle
Early Ventriclular Diastole Late Ventricular Diastole End of Ventricular Diastole - end-diastolic volume Onset of Ventricular Systole Isovolumetirc Venticular Contraction Ventricular Ejection End of Ventricular Systole - end systolic volume Onset of Ventricular Diastole
Dicrotic notch

Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems The Cardiac Output
Circulatory Pumps
Cardiac out (CO) = volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute CO = HR x SV, HR = heart rate, SV = stroke volume Starlings law of the heart Increased filling pressure (volume) leads to increased cardiac output If HR = 72 beats/min, SV= 0.07L/beat, then

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems Autonomic innervation of the heart
Circulatory Pumps

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems ACh APs interval of pacemaker cells HR
Negative chronotropic effect

Circulatory Pumps

Velocity of conduction, may lead to AV

block ectopic pacemaker

Nor(epinephrine)
heart rate via pacemaker cells
Positive chronotropic effect

strength of contraction (myocardial cells)

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems Autonomic control of SA node activity and heart rate

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems Control of cardiac output

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems Summary of factors influencing cardiac output

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems Blood pressure in various blood vessels of the systemic circulation

Principles of Animal Physiology

Circulatory Systems Relation btw. Velocity of blood flow and Xsectional area of vascular tree