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IP Address
IP Address is Logical Address
It is a Network Layer address (Layer 3)
Two Versions of IP:
IP version 4 is a 32 bit address
IP version 6 is a 128 bit address

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IP version 4
Bit is represent by 0 or 1 (i.e. Binary)
IP address in binary form (32 bits):

01010101000001011011111100000001
32 bits are divided into 4 Octets:
First Octet

Second Octet

Third Octet

Forth Octet

01010101. 00000101. 10111111. 00000001

IP address in decimal form:

85.5.191.1
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IP version 6
It is represented in Hex notation

FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210
Format of IPv6 address:
x : x : x : x : x : x : x : x where x is 16 bits
(4 Hex digits)
Not case sensitive for A,B,C,D,E,F
Leading zeros in a field are Optional.
Successive Fields of 0 can be represented as ::
but only once.
Eg: 2031:0000:0000:130f:0000:0000:09c4:1300
The above example can be rewritten as below:
2031::130f:0:0:9c4:1300
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IPv4 address range

Taking Example for First Octet :
Total 8 bits, Value will be 0s and 1s
i.e. 28 = 256 combination
2 7 26 25 24 23 22 21 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1
Total IP Address Range
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3
0.0.0.0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4
to

255.255.255.255
1

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= 255

IP Address Classification
IP Addresses are divided into 5 Classes
CLASS A
CLASS B

Used in LAN & WAN

CLASS C
CLASS D

Reserved for Multicasting

CLASS E

Reserved for Research &

Development

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Parity Bit
Parity Bit is used for IP Address classification.
Most significant bit(s) from the first octet are selected
for Parity Bit(s).

Class A priority bit is

Class B priority bits are

10

Class C priority bits are

110

Class D priority bits are

1110

Class E priority bits are

1111

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CLASS A Range
In Class A : First bit of the first octet
is reserved as priority bit, bit value is zero.

0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27
0
0
0
0
0

26
0
0
0
0
0

25
0
0
0
0
0

24
0
0
0
0
0

23
0
0
0
0
0

22 21
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 0

20
0
1
0
1
0

=
=
=
=
=

= 127

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0
1
2
3
4

Class A Range

0 . 0 . 0 . 0 to
127.255.255.255
Exception
0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X
networks are reserved

CLASS B Range
In Class B : First two bits of the first
octet are reserved as priority bits, bit value as 10.

10xxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27
1
1
1
1
1

26
0
0
0
0
0

25
0
0
0
0
0

24
0
0
0
0
0

23
0
0
0
0
0

22 21
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 0

20
0
1
0
1
0

=
=
=
=
=

= 191

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128
129
130
131
132

Class B Range

128. 0 . 0 . 0
to
191.255.255.255

CLASS C Range
For Class C range : First Three bits of the first
octet are reserved as priority bits, bit value as 110.

110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27
1
1
1
1
1

26
1
1
1
1
1

25
0
0
0
0
0

24
0
0
0
0
0

23
0
0
0
0
0

22 21
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 0

20
0
1
0
1
0

=
=
=
=
=

= 223

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192
193
194
195
196

Class C Range

192. 0 . 0 . 0
to
223.255.255.255

CLASS D Range
For Class D range : First four bits of the first
octet are reserved as priority bits, bit value as 1110.

1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27
1
1
1
1
1

26
1
1
1
1
1

25
1
1
1
1
1

24
0
0
0
0
0

23
0
0
0
0
0

22 21
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 0

20
0
1
0
1
0

=
=
=
=
=

= 239

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224
225
226
227
228

Class D Range

224. 0 . 0 . 0
to
239.255.255.255

CLASS E Range
For Class E range : First four bits of the first
octet are reserved as priority bits, bit value as 1111.

1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27
1
1
1
1
1

26
1
1
1
1
1

25
1
1
1
1
1

24
1
1
1
1
1

23
0
0
0
0
0

1 1

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22 21
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 0

20
0
1
0
1
0

=
=
=
=
=

240
241
242
243
244

= 255

Class E Range

240. 0 . 0 . 0
to
255.255.255.255

Octet Format

IP address is divided into Network & Host Portion

CLASS A is written as

N.H.H.H

CLASS B is written as

N.N.H.H

CLASS C is written as

N.N.N.H

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CLASS A No. Networks & Hosts

Class A Octet Format is N.H.H.H
Network bits : 8

Host bits : 24

No. of Networks

=
=
=
=
=

2no of network bits Priority bit

28-1
(-1 is Priority Bit for Class A)
27
128 2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 Network)
126 Networks

CLASS A

126 Networks
&

No. of Host
16777214 Hosts per
no
of
host
bits
= 2
-2
Network
= 224 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 16777216 - 2
= 16777214 Hosts/Network

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CLASS B No. Networks & Hosts

Class B Octet Format is N.N.H.H
Network bits : 16

Host bits : 16

No. of Networks

2no of network bits Priority bit

=
=
=

216-2 (-2 is Priority Bit for Class B)

214
16384 Networks

CLASS B
16384 Networks

&
No. of Host
65534 Hosts per Network
= 2no of host bits -2
= 216 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 65536 - 2
= 65534 Hosts/Network

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CLASS C No. Networks & Hosts

Class C Octet Format is N.N.N.H
Network bits : 24

Host bits : 8

No. of Networks

2no of network bits Priority bit

=
=
=

224-3 (-3 is Priority Bit for Class C)

221
2097152 Networks

No. of Host

CLASS C

2097152 Networks
&

254 Hosts per Network

2no of host bits -2

=
=
=

28 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)

256 - 2
254 Hosts/Network

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Network & Broadcast Address

Network address: IP address with all bits as ZERO in the host portion.
Broadcast address: IP address with all bits as ONES in the host
portion.
Valid IP Addresses lie between the Network Address and the Broadcast
Address.
Only Valid IP Addresses are assigned to hosts/clients

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Example - Class A
Class A : N.H.H.H
Network Address :
0xxxxxxx.00000000.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
0xxxxxxx.11111111.11111111.11111111

Class A
10.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3

10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255
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Network Address

Valid IP Addresses

Broadcast Address

Example - Class B
Class B : N.N.H.H
Network Address :

10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111.11111111

Class B
172.16.0.0
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.3

172.16.255.254
172.16.255.255
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Network Address

Valid IP Addresses

Broadcast Address

Example - Class C
Class C : N.N.N.H
Network Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000
Broadcast Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111

Class C
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3

192.168.1.254
192.168.1.255
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Network Address

Valid IP Addresses

Broadcast Address

Private IP Address
There are certain addresses in each class of IP address that are
reserved for Private Networks. These addresses are called
private addresses.

These addresses are not Routable (or) valid on Internet.

Class A

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
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Subnet Mask
Subnet Mask differentiates Network portion and Host
Portion
Represented with all 1s in the network portion
and with all 0s in the host portion.

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Subnet Mask - Examples

Class A : N.H.H.H
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class A is 255.0.0.0
Class B : N.N.H.H
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class B is 255.255.0.0
Class C : N.N.N.H
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class C is 255.255.255.0

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How Subnet Mask Works ?

IP Address :
Subnet Mask :

192.168.1.1
255.255.255.0

ANDING PROCESS :

AND TABLE

0
0
1
1

*
*
*
*

0
1
0
1

=
=
=
=

0
0
0
1

192.168.1.1
= 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
=======================================
192.168.1.0
= 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
=======================================
The output of an AND table is 1 if both its inputs are 1.
For all other possible inputs the output is 0.
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Subnetting
Creating Multiple independent Networks from a Single Network.

Converting Host bits into Network Bits

i.e. Converting 0s into 1s
Subnetting can be performed in two ways.
FLSM (Fixed Length Subnet Mask)
VLSM (Variable Length subnet mask)
Subnetting can be done based on requirement .
Requirement of Networks ?
Requirement of Hosts ?

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Scenario for Subnetting

ZOOM Technologies is having 100 PC

Which IP address Class is preferred for the network ?

Answer : Class C.
In ZOOM Technologies there are 5 Five Departments
with 20 PCs each
ZOOM Technologies 192.168.1.0/24

MCSE
CISCO
Hardware
Linux
Exchange

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192.168.1.1
192.168.1.21
192.168.1.41
192.168.1.61
192.168.1.81

to 192.168.1.20
to 192.168.1.40
to 192.168.1.60
to 192.168.1.80
to 192.168.1.100

Scenario (continued)
Administrators Requirement :
Inter-department communication should not be
possible ?
Solution.
Allocate a different Network to each Department
i.e.
MCSE
192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.20
CISCO
192.168.2.1 to 192.168.2.20
Hardware
192.168.3.1 to 192.168.3.20
Linux
192.168.4.1 to 192.168.4.20
Exchange
192.168.5.1 to 192.168.5.20

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Main Aim of Subnetting

Problem with the previous Scenario is : Broadcast is done for 254 IPs rather than for 20 IPs.
Wastage of IP addresses (Approximately 1000)

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Power table

POWER TABLE
21 = 2

29 = 512

217 = 131072

225 = 33554432

22 = 4

210 = 1024

218 = 262144

226 = 67108864

23 = 8

211 = 2048

219 = 524288

227 = 134217728

24 = 16

212 = 4096

220 = 1048576

228 = 268435456

25 = 32

213 = 8192

221 = 2097152

229 = 536870912

26 = 64

214 = 16384 222 = 4194304

230 = 1073741824

27 = 128 215 = 32768 223 = 8388608

231 = 2147483648

28 = 256 216 = 65536 224 = 16777216 232 = 4294967296

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Some Important Values

VALUES IN SUBNET MASK

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Bit

Value

Mask

128

10000000

192

11000000

224

11100000

240

11110000

248

11111000

252

11111100

254

11111110

255

11111111

Requirement of Networks is 5 ?
Example 1
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n 2 Req. of Subnet
23 2 5 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
82
6 Subnet

No.
=
=
=
=

of Host
2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
25 2
32 2
30 Hosts/Subnet

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HELP

Example 1 (Continued)
Customized
= Bits to Network Bits
If you Subnet
convertMask
3 Host
255.
224
6255.
Subnet & 255.
30 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11100000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.224
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.31 x
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.63 MCSE
.
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.95 CISCO
.
192.168.1.95
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1.127 FIREWALL
192.168.1.127
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159 SOLARIS
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.159
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.160 to 192.168.1.191 TRAINING
192.168.1.191
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223 Future Use
192.168.1.223
192.168.1.192
192.168.1.255 x
192.168.1.224

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Requirement of Networks is 14 ?
Example 2
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n 2 Req. of Subnet
24 2 14 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
16 2
14 Subnet

No.
=
=
=
=

of Host
2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
24 2
16 - 2
14 Hosts/Subnet

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HELP

Example 2 (Continued)
Customized
= Bits to Network Bits
If you Subnet
convertMask
4 Host
255.
255.
240
14
Subnet &255.
14 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11110000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.240
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range

192.168.1.15 x
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.16

192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.32

192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48 to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.48

192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.80
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.224
192.168.1.239
192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.240
192.168.1.255 x

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