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Sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
ASPEK EKONOMI
Economic progress is often evaluated in terms of welfare (or utility) measured as willingness to pay for goods and services consumed. Mmany economic policies typically seek to enhance income, and induce more efficient production and consumption of goods and services. The stability of prices and employment are among other important objectives.
ASPEK EKONOMI
Economic efficiency helps maximize income. It is measured against the ideal of Pareto optimality, which encourages actions that will improve the welfare of at least one individual without worsening the situation of anyone else. The perfectly competitive economy is an important (Pareto optimal) benchmark, where (efficient) market prices play a key role in both allocating productive resources to maximize output, and ensuring optimal consumption choices which maximize consumer utility. If significant economic distortions are present, appropriate shadow prices may be used.
ASPEK EKONOMI
The well-known cost-benefit criterion accepts all projects whose net benefits are positive (i.e., aggregate benefits exceed costs). It is based on the weaker quasi Pareto condition, which assumes that such net benefits could be redistributed from potential gainers to losersleaving no one worse off than before. More generally, interpersonal comparisons of welfare are fraught with difficulty both within and across nations, and over time (e.g., the value of human life).
ECONOMIC ASPECT
Economic sustainability seeks to maximize the flow of income that could be generated while at least maintaining the stock of assets (or capital) which yield these beneficial outputs. Economic efficiency continues to optimize both production and consumption. Problems arise in identifying the kinds of capital to be maintained (e.g., manufactured, natural, human and social capital), and their substitutability. Often, it is difficult to value these assets (especially ecological and social resources) and the services they provide.
ECONOMIC ASPECT
The issues of uncertainty, irreversibility and catastrophic collapse pose additional difficulties, in determining dynamically efficient development paths. Many common microeconomic approaches rely on marginal analysis (e.g., comparing incremental costs and benefits of economic activities), which assumes smoothly changing variables. They are inappropriate for analyzing large changes, discontinuous phenomena, and sudden transitions among multiple equilibria. Recent work has begun to explore the behavior of large, non-linear, dynamic and chaotic systems, and concepts like system vulnerability and resilience.
ASPEK LINGKUNGAN
Development in the environmental sense is a recent concern relating to the need to manage scarce natural resources in a prudent manner because human welfare ultimately depends on ecological services. Ignoring safe ecological limits could undermine long-run prospects for development. Recent literature covers links among environment, growth and sustainable development. Environmental sustainability focuses on overall viability and normal functioning of natural systems. For ecological systems, sustainability is defined by a comprehensive, multiscale, dynamic, hierarchical measure of resilience, vigor and organization.
ASPEK LINGKUNGAN
Resilience is the ability of ecosystems to persist despite external shocks, i.e., the amount of disruption that will cause an ecosystem to switch from one system state to another. An ecosystem state is defined by its internal structure and set of mutually re-inforcing processes. Vigor is associated with the primary productivity or growth of an ecosystem.
ASPEK LINGKUNGAN
Natural resource degradation, pollution and loss of biodiversity are detrimental because they reduce resilience, increase vulnerability, and undermine system health. The notions of a safe threshold and carrying capacity are important, to avoid catastrophic ecosystem collapse. Sustainability may be also linked to the normal functioning and longevity of a nested hierarchy of ecological and socioeconomic systems, ordered according to scale e.g., a human community would consist of many individuals, who are themselves composed of a large number of discrete cells.
ASPEK LINGKUNGAN
Gunderson and Holling use the term panarchy to denote such a hierarchy of systems and their adaptive cycles across scales. A system at a given level is able to operate in its stable (sustainable) mode, because it is protected by slower and more conservative changes in the super-system above it, while being simultaneously invigorated and energized by faster changes taking place in subsystems below it. Sustainable development is not necessarily synonymous with maintaining the ecological status quo. A coupled ecologicalsocioeconomic system could evolve, while maintaining levels of biodiversity that guarantee resilience of ecosystems on which future human consumption and production depend.
PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN
ASPEK SOSIAL
Social development usually refers to improvements in both individual well-being and overall social welfare resulting from increases in social capital typically, the accumulation of capacity enabling individuals and communities to work together. The quantity and quality of social interactions underlying human existence (including levels of mutual trust, and shared social norms and values), determine the stock of social capital. Thus, social capital grows with greater use and erodes through disuse, unlike economic and environmental capital, which are depreciated or depleted by use. We note that some forms of social capital may be harmful (e.g., cooperation within criminal gangs). There is also an important element of equity and poverty alleviation . Thus, the social dimension of development includes protective strategies that reduce vulnerability, improve equity and ensure that basic needs are met.
ASPEK SOSIAL
Social sustainability parallels environmental sustainability. Reducing vulnerability and maintaining the ability of socio-cultural systems to withstand shocks, is also important. Enhancing human capital (through education) and strengthening social values, institutions, and governance are key aspects. Many harmful changes occur slowly, and their long-term effects are often overlooked in socio-economic analysis. Preserving cultural capital and diversity worldwide, strengthening social cohesion, and reducing destructive conflicts, are integral elements of this approach. An important aspect involves empowerment and broader participation through subsidiarity i.e., decentralization of decision-making to the lowest (or most local) level at which it is still effective. In summary, for both ecological and socioeconomic systems, the emphasis is on improving system health and its dynamic ability to adapt to change across a range of spatial and temporal scales, rather than the conservation of some ideal static state.
LATAR SEJARAH
UN Conference on Environment and Development, or the 1992 Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro unanimously adopted Agenda 21, a blueprint for sustainable development. Millennium Development Goals UN General Assembly resolution 55/2, outlined 8 targets aimed at reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development. World Summit on Sustainable Development reaffirmed the commitment to Agenda 21 and Millennium Development Goals
INDEKS KEBERLANJUTAN
Sustainable development indicators (SDI) have the potential to turn the generic concept of sustainability into action.
A quantitative sustainability index (SI) as a ratio of the emergy (spelled with an "m", i.e. "embodied energy", not simply "energy") yield ratio (EYR) to the environmental loading ratio (ELR).
The "Emergy Sustainability Index" (ESI), "an index that accounts for yield, renewability, and environmental load. It is the incremental emergy yield compared to the environmental load".
Can the results of technical cooperation continue to yield an economic benefit after the technical cooperation is withdrawn? For example, the benefits from the introduction of new crops may not be sustained if the constraints to marketing the crops are not resolved. Similarly, economic, as distinct from financial, sustainability may be at risk if the end users continue to depend on heavily subsidized activities and inputs.
This type of sustainability is often concerned with the production of energy and mineral resources. Some researchers have pointed to trends which document the limits of production.
PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI
Poverty eradication/ Pengentasan Kemiskinan Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the worlds people with income less than $1/day Basic health services for all, reduce health threats Increase food availability Combat desertification, mitigate effects of drought and floods Provision of clean drinking water Enhance industrial productivity
KRISIS AIR
Water crisis is a term used to refer to the worlds water resources relative to human demand.
The term has been applied to the worldwide water situation by the United Nations and other world organizations.
Others, for example the Food and Agriculture Organization, said in 2003 that there is no water crisis but steps must be taken to avoid one in the future. The major aspects of the water crisis are allegedly overall scarcity of usable water and water pollution.
(SWRM)
Pengelolaan sumberdaya air berkelanjutan 1. Pengelolaan dan Perencanaan Air 2. Pengolahan dan daur-ulang air limbah 3. Kualitas Air 4. Pengendalian Pencemaran 5. Pengelolaan dan Ekonomi 6. Sistem Penunjang Keputusan 7. Sistem Hydraulic 8. Risiko banjir 9. Pemodelan Hydraulic 10.Problematik Irrigation 11.Governance dan Monitoring
Energy
Some 2 billion people lack access to electricity and rely on traditional fuel sources such as firewood, kerosene, or biomass for their cooking and heating.
Energy
Some key issues: Focus on access to energy in rural areas Energy conservation and energy efficiency building design & management, better mass transportation, advanced and innovative cleaner technologies Promotion of renewable energy Action on climate change ratification by countries of the Kyoto Protocol
Health
Good health is vital for eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development.
Some key issues: Reduce mortality rates in 2015: by 66.7% for children & infants under 5; by 75% for maternal mortality rates Control & eradicate communicable diseases, reduce HIV prevalence, combat malaria, tuberculosis Ensure that chemicals are not used and produced in ways that harm human health Reduce air pollution Improve developing countries access to environmentally sound alternatives to ozone depleting chemicals
Nutrition
Nuclear techniques to address problems of malnutrition such as micro-nutrient deficiencies, energy expenditure, nutrient absorption & utilization
Agriculture
Agriculture is central to sustainable development. About 70% of the poor in developing countries live in rural areas and depend in one way or another on agriculture for their survival.
Some key issues: Address serious soil fertility problems Diversification of crops Increase water-use productivity Apply R&D to increase productivity in crops and livestock
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Sustainable agriculture uses ecological principles to farm . It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a sitespecific application that will, over the long term: 1. Satisfy human food and fiber needs 2. Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls 3. Sustainanable 4. Sustain the economic viability of farm operations 5. Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole
Organic farming
is the form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pest control, to maintain soil productivity and control pests on a farm. Organic farming excludes or strictly limits the use of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock antibiotics, food additives, and genetically modified organisms
Industrial agriculture
is a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops. The methods of industrial agriculture are technoscientific, economic, and political. They include innovation in agricultural machinery and farming methods, genetic technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and global trade. Most of the meat, dairy, eggs, fruits, and vegetables available in supermarkets are produced using these methods of industrial agriculture.
Livestock development
Sustainable animal production Improving productivity of goats Feed supplementation for increasing livestock production Improving cattle fertility and disease diagnosis Eradicating rinderpest, screwworm
Biodiversitas & Pengelolaan Ekosistem Biodiversity and the ecosystems they support are the living basis of sustainable development.
1. Extent of forest resources 2. Biological diversity 3. Forest health and vitality 4. Productive functions and forest resources 5. Protective functions of forest resources 6. Socio-economic functions 7. Legal, policy and institutional framework
PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN
Sustainable Development is the process by which we move towards sustainability development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)