Introduction To Column Buckling: ©teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

1
INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN
BUCKLING

2
INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN
BUCKLING
Introduction
Elastic buckling of an ideal column
Strength curve for an ideal column
Strength of practical column
Concepts of effective lengths
Torsional and torsional-flexural buckling
Conclusions


3
INTRODUCTION
Compression members: short or long
Squashing of short column
Buckling of long column
Steel members more susceptible to
buckling compared to RC and PSC
members


4
INTRODUCTION
A long column fails
by predominant buckling
A short column fails by
compression yield
Buckled shape
Fig 1: short vs long columns
o

5
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER
COLUMN
Assumptions:
Material of strut - homogenous and
linearly elastic
No imperfections (perfectly straight)
No eccentricity of loading


6
The governing differential equation is

0
2
2
= + y
EI
P
dx
y d
cr
.
x
y
P
cr

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN

7
2
2
EI
P
cr
t
=
Lowest value of the critical load

Buckling load Vs Lateral deflection Relationship
9
4
1
Unstable buckling modes
o
cr
P P/

8
Conclusions of Euler buckling analysis:
Strut can remain straight for all values of P
When P = P
cr
the strut buckles in the shape
of a half sine wave
At higher values of loads, other sinusoidal
buckled shapes are possible. It is seen that
for for higher values of P
cr
, the column is in
unstable equilibrium.


9
Mean compressive buckling stress, o
cr
is given
by
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
) / (
t t t
o
t
o
E
r
E r E
A
I E
A
P
cr
cr
cr
= = =
= =



10
Elastic buckling stress
(
o
cr
)
defined by
(
t
2
E /
2
)

=

/r

o
cr
Fig. 4 Euler buckling relation between
o
cr
and

11
STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT

o

f
y

c
y

c
Yield plateau
Fig. 5 Idealized elastic-plastic relationship for steel

12
Strength curve for an axially loaded initially straight pin-ended column
B
1
o
f

f
y
A

c =

/r
Plastic yield defined
by o
f
f = y
Elastic buckling (
o
cr
)
defined by
t
2
E /
2
A
'
C
B

13
Column fails when the compressive
stress is greater than or equal to the
values defined by ACB.
AC Failure by yielding (Low
slenderness ratios)
CB Failure by bucking ( >
c
)


14
o
f
/ f
y
1.0

= ( f
y
/
o
cr
)
1/2
1.0
Elastic buckling
Plastic yield
Strength curve in a non-dimensional form

15

FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH OF A COLUMN IN
PRACTICE:
Effect of initial out of straightness
Effect of eccentricity of applied
loading
Effect of residual stress
Effect of a strain hardening and the
absence of clearly defined yield
point
Effect of all features taken together

16
Effect of initial out of straightness

F
y x
y
0
a
0
Pin-ended strut with
initial imperfection
P
x
a y
t
sin
0 0
=
P enhances the deflection by the factor
) ( 1
1
cr
P
P


17
O O
1
P
P
cr
P
p
~P
y

P
f
C
D
Actual elastic-plastic response
o
Curve A
Curve B
Initial imperfection (a
0
)
Load deflection response
of a strut with initial imperfection
Ideal bifurcation type
buckling
Effects of imperfection
(elastic behaviour)
Strength
(plastic unloading curve)
Stress distribution at D
M
M
Stress distribution at C
f
y
Stress distributions at C and D

18

Strength curves for strut with initial imperfection
Lower bound curve
Data from collapse tests
(marked x)
Elastic buckling curve
o
f
f
y
=/r
X X
X X
X
X X X
X
X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
Strut
P
P
Low slenderness ratios effect of initial imperfections is
negligible
Intermediate slenderness ratios lower bound curve is
below f
y
and o
cr
curves
High slenderness ratios lower bound curve is close to
the o
cr
curve

19
Effect of eccentricity of applied loading
X
X X X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
Strength curve for eccentrically loaded columns
Deflected
shape after
loading
P
P
Axis of
the column
e

Data from collapse
tests
Elastic buckling
curve
Lower bound curve
o
f
f
y
Behaviour is similar to that of initial out of straightness
Difference is noticed in the reduction of load carrying
capacity for stocky members even for low values of

20
Effect of residual stress
b b
a a
b b
a a
b b
a a
Various stages of rolling a steel girder
(a) (b) (d) (c)
Residual stress differential heating and
cooling during rolling and forming
Self equilibrating system of stresses


21
Residual stresses
in flanges
Residual stresses
in web
Residual stresses distribution (no applied load)
Residual stresses in an
elastic section subjected
to a mean stress o
a
(net stress = o
a
+o
r
)
The influence of residual stresses

22
o
a
f
y
o
p
o
r
Stub column yields
when o
a
= f
y
c
av
Mean axial stress vs mean axial strain
in a stub column test

23
o
f
f
y
f
y
- o
r
Elastic critical buckling
Columns with residual stresses
t(E/f
y
)
1/2
=/r
Buckling of an initially straight column
having residual stresses
The difference between buckling and plastic squash
load is most pronounced when
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
y
f
E
r
t


24
Effect of strain hardening and absence of clearly
defined yield point
Strain hardening at
high strains
f
y
c
Stress-strain relationship for Steels exhibiting strain hardening
Ignoring the effect of strain-hardening provides a
margin of safety

25
f
y

o
p
o
a
c
f
y
o
p
o
a
0.2% proof stress
0.2% c
Lack of clearly defined yield
Lack of clearly defined yield with strain
hardening
Above o >o
p
, the material exhibits non-linear
behaviour
When the yield point is not defined, the yield
stress is generally taken as 0.2% proof stress


26
Effect of all features taken together

o
a
f
y
/r
Data from collapse tests
Theoretical elastic buckling
Lower bound curve
t (E/f
y
)
1/2

27
CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE LENGTHS

Point of inflection
l
Buckled mode for different end conditions
2l
l/2
2 / l

28
Effective lengths in different planes (No sway and
sway columns)

Columns with partial rotational restraint
P

e

P
P

e

P
P

e
P
e
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
No sway
e
always s
Sway
e
always >

29

ACCURACY IN USING EFFECTIVE LENGTHS

30
Torsional and Torsional-Flexural Buckling of
columns

Flexural buckling Torsional buckling
Folded plate twists under axial load Plate with unsupported edges
Twisted position
Original position

31

+
C
1
X
1
O'
Y
1
+ C
X
O
Y
Y
0
X
0
u
v
|
Torsional -flexural buckling deformations.
C
Shear centre
Rayleigh-Ritz energy method is used to obtain the
critical load

32

BUCKLING MODES
In general there are 3 buckling loads, i.e. Euler
buckling about x and y axes and flexural
torsional buckling loads
Doubly symmetric section
Buckling about x and y axes (One of
these is lowest)
Flexural torsional buckling load (we
disregard this)

33

BUCKLING MODES

Singly symmetric sections
Euler buckling load about weak axis
Flexural Torsional buckling load


34
CONCLUSIONS

Elastic buckling load dependent on the
slenderness ratio
Factors affecting column strength ( viz. residual
stresses etc.) considered in design practice
Effective length concept of columns
Elastic torsional and torsional-flexural buckling

35
THANK YOU

Introduction To Column Buckling: ©teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

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Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

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