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Definition - Antibiotic
Anti against Bio life Originally extracted from compounds produced by living organisms aminoglycosides Semi synthetic cephalosporins, carbapenems Synthetic sulphonamides, quinolones, oxazolidinediones
5. Antimetabolite activity
Sulfonamides
Antimicrobial Resistance
How bacteria survive doses of antibiotics that would otherwise have been lethal Problem treated with a higher dose, or newer antibiotic Side effects, Newer may not be available
Types of resistance
Intrinsic
Bacteria may not make the protein that antibiotic targets Due to acquired mutation in DNA or RNA
Extrinsic
Causes of Resistance
Overuse/misuse of antibiotics Example is sore throat Viral , still antibiotics are prescribed
Failure to take entire course Failure to take at correct intervals two times a day instead of three times
Pathogenic bacteria show large variations in susceptibility to antibiotics Particularly marked in case of Staphylococcus and gram negative bacteria
Types
Antibiotic sensitivity test: A laboratory test which determines how effective antibiotic therapy is against a bacterial infections. Antibiotic sensitivity testing will control the use of Antibiotics in clinical practice Testing will assist the clinicians in the choice of drugs for the treatment of infections.
1.The identification of relevant pathogens in exudates and body fluids collected from patients 2. Sensitivity tests done to determine the degree of sensitivity or resistance of pathogens isolated from patient to an appropriate range of antimicrobial drugs
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria precedes the selection of Antibiotic Testing Methods
Helps to guide the Physician in choosing Antibiotics The accumulated results on different pathogens their sensitivity will guide the physician in choosing empirical treatment in serious patients before the individuals laboratory results are analyzed in the Microbiology laboratory. Reveals the changing trends in the local isolates.
Bacteria have the ability to develop resistance following repeated or subclinical (insufficient) doses, so more advanced antibiotics and synthetic antimicrobials are continually required to overcome them.
The method includes several steps including obtaining a bacterial sample; identifying the type of bacteria in the bacterial sample; selecting a set of antibiotics based on the identity of the bacteria in the bacterial sample; obtaining a control sample from the bacterial sample;
Resistance implies that the infection is not treatable with the tested Antibiotic because its MIC exceeds achievable safe tissue or urine levels.
Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing (KB testing or disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity testing) is a test which uses antibiotic-impregnated wafers to test whether particular bacteria are susceptible to specific antibiotics
The basics are easy: The bacterium is swabbed on the agar and the antibiotic discs are placed on top. The antibiotic diffuses from the disc into the agar in decreasing amounts the further it is away from the disc. If the organism is killed or inhibited by the concentration of the antibiotic, there will be NO growth in the immediate area around the disc: This is called the zone of inhibition .
Method of inoculationGood results are obtained by placing a standard loopful of inoculum suspension on the plate and then spreading it with a dry sterile swab.
The disk diffusion methods are commonly used for routine testing
Other methods to test antimicrobial susceptibility include the Stokes method, E-test (also based on antibiotic diffusion). Agar and Broth dilution methods for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration determination.
In alternative measure of susceptibility is to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of a drug. A series of broths are mixed with serially diluted antibiotic solutions and a standard inoculum is applied. After incubation, the MIC is the first broth in which growth of the organism has been
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), in microbiology, is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a micro organism after overnight incubation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations are important in diagnostic laboratories to confirm resistance of micro organisms to an antimicrobial agent and also to monitor the activity of new antimicrobial agents.[
The Antibiotics are diluted to various dilution to test the minimum inhibitory concentration
What is E Test
Etest is an antimicrobial gradient technique in which 15 reference MIC dilutions of an antibiotic have been repackaged with innovative dry chemistry technology onto a plastic strip. The predefined gradient provides precise and accurate assessment of antimicrobial activity against both fastidious and non-fastidious microorganisms.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Disk diffusion methods are not suitable for slow growing bacterial pathogens The great limitation being for testing on Mycobacterium tuberculosis which needs varied, technically demanding methods
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