ME 234 Mechanics of Materials I

Lecture 3 and 4

Dr. Rizwan Saeed Choudhry

rizwan.choudhry@gmail.com rizwan@ceme.nust.edu.pk

College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

Dept of Mechanical Engineering, NUST, College of E & ME, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Statically determinate vs. indeterminate

F1
A F2 B

Can you find the reaction forces at A and B ?

F1 F2 Bx

By

Rigid body mechanics or statics is sufficient

Statically determinate vs. indeterminate

F1 A
F2 B

C F1

Can you find the reaction forces at A, B and C?

F2
Bx

By

Not through considerations of rigid body mechanics alone we need to consider the deformation of the beam small as it might be.

Method of Section
For a body in equilibrium - the externally applied forces to one side of an arbitrary cut must be balanced by the internal forces developed at the cut

What about forces due to weight?

d Alembert Principle
Is every static body not in a state of dynamic equilibrium? For moving bodies in dynamic equilibrium the problem can be reduced to that of static equilibrium if an additional force equal to mass times acceleration of the body is applied at the mass centre of the body in a direction opposite to that of the acceleration. After this the free body diagram can be drawn as usual.

Force distribution inside a body The concept of Stress

For this case wein need Imagine a solid equilibrium information about the with a hypothetical section S deformation. Can we determine the force transmitted from A to B through this interface. Body with a mathematical cut Given that the small deformation approximation holds we can find the resultant but is it unique to this force distribution? Free body showing cut surface

Force distribution inside a body The concept of Stress

Since it is the action of these forces, that causes deformations; we must have the information about how forces get distributed within a solid. In contrast it is also possible that we have some deformations due to some other factors, for example heat and these then creates force distribution within a structure. Stress defines the force distribution in a solid.

Stress
High school definition - Force per unit area
Units N/m2 N/mm2 kN/mm2 Pa MPa = 1E6 GPa = 1E9

Then what is pressure? Now based on the basic definition dF = . dA Since Force F is a vector based on the discussion about tensors and vectors in last lecture T can either be a Scalar or Tensor

Stress
If the force every where on the surface is normal to the area then the distribution is analogous to pressure distribution and can be represented by a scalar In most practical cases however, this is not true and the force intensities (stress) will have both normal and tangential components. Hence for a general notation our force intensity (stress) must be a Tensor. To keep things simple in the start we will only consider three components of stress i.e. on a surface element.

Stress components - Normal and Shear

The problem is then one of finding force intensity factors (force distribution over an area) resulting from a given resultant force and couple. Consider the figure, in order to find force intensity at a point we make use of the continuum concept which allows us to consider the area element A approaching zero size
Force system on area element and rectangular components of forces

Stress components - Normal and Shear We first resolve the resultant force into components One normal to surface and two tangential to it , i.e. Fn , Ft1, Ft2 The normal and shear stress (force intensities or force per unit area) can thus be defined using the limiting process as;
Force system on area element and rectangular components of forces

Examples
Stresses in a two force member A gusset plate under axial loading Stress in a thin walled cylinder under torsion Stress in an axial connection

Introduction to e-learning resources MDSolids 3.5 software

http://www.mdsolids.com/

MecMovies

http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html

Stresses in bars
(example problem from mdsolids software)

1000.0 N

Stresses in bars
Bar 1 Angle 30.000 Bar 1 Cross-sectional Area 100.00 mm Bar 2 Angle 150.000 Bar 2 Cross-sectional Area 100.00 mm Load Angle 270.000 Load Magnitude 5,000.0 N

Stresses in bars
Introduction

Since the bars are two-force members, the force carried by each bar must act along its longitudinal axis. Draw the free-body diagram for the joint where Bar 1, Bar 2, and the applied load intersect. All three forces act through a common point; therefore, only two equilibrium equations can be written: the sum of forces in the horizontal direction and the sum of forces in the vertical direction.

Free body diagram

1000.0 N

Stresses in bars
Calculation The equation for the sum of forces in the horizontal direction is: F1 cos(30.000) + F2 cos(150.000) + Load cos(270.000) = 0 F1(0.8660) + F2(-0.8660) + (5,000.0 N) (0.0000) = 0

Stresses in bars
The equation for the sum of forces in the vertical direction is: F1 sin(30.000) + F2 sin(150.000) + Load sin(270.000) =0 F1(0.5000) + F2(0.5000) + (5,000.0 N) (-1.0000) = 0 Solve these two equilibrium equations simultaneously to compute F1 and F2. The force in Bar 1 is 5,000.0 N, and the force in Bar 2 is 5,000.0 N. Both bars act in tension.

Stresses in bars
To compute the normal stress, divide the bar force by the cross-sectional area of the bar. For Bar 1, the normal stress is: 5,000.0 N 100.00 mm = 50.000 MPa The normal stress in Bar 2 is:

5,000.0 N 100.00 mm = 50.000 MPa

Stresses in bars
Output Bar 1 Force Magnitude 5,000.0 N Bar 1 Normal Stress 50.000 MPa Bar 2 Force Magnitude 5,000.0 N Bar 2 Normal Stress 50.000 MPa Note: Consistent use of units in problem specification

I-35W Bridge Collapse

The entire span of the Interstate 35W bridge collapsed on August 1 2007 in Minneapolis. The bridge was loaded with rush-hour traffic and dropped more than 60 feet into the Mississippi River. http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/08/02/us/20070802BRIDGE_index.html

I-35W Bridge Collapse Possibly a case of Gusset Plate Failure

http://www.taproot.com/wordpress/200 7/10/27/ntsb-still-investigatingminneapolis-bridge-collapse/

This photo from June 12, 2003, shows a bent gusset plate on the I-35W bridge that is visible to the eye. Investigators suspect that the bridge's gusset plates played a role in the collapse. (Photo courtesy of NTSB) http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/03/25/stcloud_bridge/?refid=0

http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html

http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html

http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html

http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html

http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html

http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html

http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html

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Home work Self learning

Home work tasks will not be marked but are very important for improving understanding and for preparing you for the real world. You should expect problems similar to home work task problems to come in quizzes and exams. Remember 6 hours of self study every week Solve problems 1.3 to 1.13 interactively http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html