In the name of ALLAH who is most beneficent and merciful.

WELL STIMULATION

Contents

Chapter No 1
Chapter No 2

Introduction
Well Stimulation

Chapter No 3
Chapter No 4

Hydraulic Fracturing
Matrix Acidizing

Chapter No 5
Chapter No 6

Acid Types and Additives

Designing of Matrix Acidizing

Chapter No 7

Case Study

Chapter 1 Introduction

Stimulation Stimulation is a technique to remove the damage caused by pore plugging and improves permeability of damaged well. Formation damage The reduction of permeability around the well bore due to pore plugging in consequences of drilling, completion , injection and production of that well.

Formation damage is caused by invasion of foreign fluids or solids in to exposed section adjacent to the well bore.

Significance of Formation Damage

The reduction in current production may either be due to invasion of mud filtrate or cement and has caused low permeability than reservoir. This altered zone is called skin zone.

Skin can be calculated by Hawkins formula S= (K/Ks -1)ln rs/rw

Figure 1.1: Showing reduction in permeability distribution around the

wellbore

Basic Causes of Damage

1.

Plugging associated with solids Plugging by solids occurs on formation face in the perforation or in the formation. Solids may be cement particles, drilled solids, clays, perforation debris's etc. Large solids Large solids cause formation damage by planting out face of formation. When the pressure differential is in the formation.

2.

3.

Small solids Very small solids such as iron oxides, clays or other particles may be carried for some distance in to the pores create serious plugging

4.

Solids precipitation
Solids may also be precipitated with in the formation. For example scale often precipitates due to the mixing of incompatible waters.

Process which Cause Damage

1.

Damage during drilling Drilling damage results from drilling mud particles invasion, when particles are deposited in formation

Drilling mud filtrate invasion occurs and filter cake forms only mud filtrate invades the formation causing damage

Figure 1.2: Mud invasion into the formation during drilling

2.

Damage during cementing Cement filtrate may damage formation as hydration of cement to super saturation with lime followed by re crystallization (deposition in pores) Invasion of cement solids in formation pores is potential source of damage.

Figure 1.3: Invasion of cement solids in formation

3.

Damage during perforation Perforation will results in some crushing of formation in immediate vicinity of formation.

Perforation damage is an inherent result of conventional perforation

Figure 1.4: Effect of perforation depth and shot density on well productivity ratio in a formation with drilling damage

4.

Other Damage Water blockage Water block is usually caused by increase water saturation near the well bore results from filtrate invasion or conning of formation water.