and the matter is constituted by elemental particles.

The phisicians have discovered twelve particles and their four different interactions. This interactions have another particles wich make the forces to interact.

*The Universe and all that we know is composed by matter,

In theory, these twelve elemental particles are indivisible, but recent investigations with experiments of collisions with a lot of energy show that there could be smaller specks. At the moment, we know two big types of particles: the quarks and the leptons. There is a third group formed by the particles wich carry the forces.

Recently, the anti-matter has been discovered. Is the anti-matter the opossite of the matter? Maybe. The anti-matter is made by anti-particles. The anti- particles and the particles have the same structure, but the first ones have a reverse polarization. If a particle interacts with its corresponding antiparticle, they destroy each other, becoming in energy and radiation. But the anti-particles appear just in radiactivity. And it is why for example, the neutrons and protons havent got anti-particles in normal conditions. The anti-particle of the electron is the positron.

But why predominates the matter? It is evident that all is made by matter, and the particles are in more number in the cosmos, because the laws of physic are different from each other. The question of why is the matter wich dominate the universe is another of the millions of enigmas that the scientifics are analyzing. There are recent theories about this: One of them is that in the Big Bang, there were the same proportion of mattery and anti-mattery, but in an insttant of the explosion, there was an asymmetry and the matter dominated the anti-matter. Also, there has been discovered a new: The particles of anti-matter deteriorate more, so that can be another explain.

We have only studied the atom as the smallest thing that makes the matter. Is formed by a nucleus with a lot of energy, constituited by protons (with positive polarization) and neutrons (with no polarization). We also know that the electrons rotate around the nucleus, with negative chargue, so the atom is stable. The mass of the proton is 1800 times bigger than the electron. And the neutron is a bit heavier than the proton.

Now, we know a lot of families of particles. But...what thing makes them so different? All the particles have a quantum property denominated spin. We can describe spin like a movement of rotation (the particles are always moving). The particles that make the matter have 1/2 of spin, and the particles that make the forces for their union have numers 0, 1 or 2 of spin. The first ones are the fermions and the second ones are the bosons. Now, we will see some types of particles.

First, here are the four types of carrier particles of forces: -The gravity force. Is the weakest force, and its speck is called graviton. It has 2 of spin, and all the particles carry it because all have got mass and energy. For example, the attracion between the Earth and the Sun is just an exchange of gravitons.

-Electromagnetic force. This force is stronger and its particle is the photon. This force appears in particles wich have an electric polarization, and they can be attracted or repelled, and generally, two particles with electric chargue void each other. For example, the electromagnetic force in the atom among the protons in the core and the electrons in the cortex make the rotation of the electrons in an orbit around the nucleus.

-Nuclear force. There are two types : Strong and weak. The strong nuclear force keeps united the quarks in the protons and the neutrons, and also keeps them conected in the core of the atom. Many scientists think that a particle called gluon is the carrier of the force. In very high energies, the force is weaker, and the particles can be separate. In the surface of the sun, there are loose protons or neutrons... The weak nuclear force affects only in particles with a half spin, and it is the causative of the radiactivity.

Here are some examples of particles of the both families: -Quarks. We said before that te quarks have got a lot of strong nuclear force. They are not loose in the nature. With three quarks combinated there is a baryon. And other example are the particles mesons constituited by a quark and its anti-particle, an anti-quark. They both are hadrons. -Leptons. The leptons are a family of very light particles which always ineract with weak nuclear force, and sometimes they can have electromagnetic force. Some leptons are: the electrons, the muon, the tau and the neutrinos.

The neutrinos.
The neutrinos do not carry electric charge, so the electromagnetic force does not affect them, only the gravity force and the weak nuclear force, because the neutrinos appear from radiactivity or nuclear reactions (like in the surface of the Sun) or when cosmic rays hits atoms. The neutrinos have not got any mass, so they can travel among the matter and the matter does not affect them. There are a lot of neutrinos in the Universe. In every square centimeter there are about 250 millions. Now, millions and millions of neutrinos are going over us.

In our days, the most advanced lab where scientists study the neutrinos and other particles like the dark matter and others is in Japan, called the Super Kamiokande. But recently, in Huesca, they are building a more advanced underground laboratory, in Canfranc since 2006. It would be ten times more advanced than the Kamiokande, and the most important of all the world. All european scientists would collaborate in the proyect, and it might become an international event.

The laboratory is situated behind a mountain called "El Tobazo". It is below 2450 metres and among old galleries. It is there for a simple reason: The neutrinos and other particles can not be seen directly, they do not radiate light, and there must be a big blindage wich absorb the other particles from the radiation of the sun.