Presented by: Manohara Reddy Pittu Priyam Kakoti Bora Sai Mounika Chennamsetty Vandana Pal Vijay Mohan

Rachabattuni

INTRODUCTION
Thermal Power Plants (TPPs) convert the energy content of an energy carrier (fuel) into either electricity or heat. The type of power plant employed depends on the source of energy and type of energy being produced. Possible fuel sources include: Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and natural gas Residual and waste materials such as domestic and industrial refuse and fuel made from recovered oil Fissionable material (the scope of this document do not include fissionable material) The type of facility and size of thermoelectric projects, as well as technological configuration of generation system and also other associated facilities besides, environmental and social concerns of plant location, will determine the nature and intensity of environmental impacts of proposed TPP facility.

NATIONAL POWER SCENARIO

The Electricity Industry forms a critical part of Indias infrastructure sector and its continued expansion is necessary for economic growth of the country. Electricity is a concurrent subject under the Constitution of India.
REGULATORY BODIES: Ministry of Power Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas Ministry of Coal Ministry of Surface Transport State Electricity Boards Transmission infrastructure Planning Commission CEA CERC SERC LEGISLATIONS: Indian Electricity Act, 1910 Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 Amendments in the 1910 Act and the 1948 Act Liquid Fuel Policy, 1995 Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 Electricity Laws (Amendment) Act 1998 Electricity act 2003

ENERGY DEMAND PROJECTIONS

DISTRIBUTION OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA

RESERVES AND POTENTIAL FOR GENERATION

PROPERTIES OF FUELS FOR THERMAL POWER PLANT:

PROPERTIES Moisture Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon Ash Sulphur GVC (kcal/kg) PROPERTIES VALUES 10-15% 20-25% 25-30% 35-45% 0.2-0.3% 3200-3800 VALUES

COAL

Density at 15 deg C Sulphur % (by mass)

Aromatics % (by vol)

0.66-0.76 0.15 (max)

25 (max) 1 (max) 10200 (min) 5-6 5 (max)

NAPHTHA

Olefins % (by vol) Gross CV (kcal/kg) C/H2 ratio (by mass) Residue on evaporation : Airjet(mg/100ml)

PROPERTIES Total sulphur content

HEAVY FURNACE OIL 4.5% max

LSHS 1.0% max

HPS 4.5%max

GCV
Flash point Water content (by vol) Sediment (by wt) Ash content (by wt) Ashphaltene content (by wt)

11000
66 deg C 1.0% 0.25% 0.1% 2.5%

11000
1.0% 0.25% 0.05% 2.5%

9500(min)
1.0% 0.25% 0.1% 2.5%

FUEL OIL

Vanadium content
Kinematic viscosity (in cs)

25ppm
370

25ppm
1809

25ppm
500

Pour point

57 deg C

72 deg C

PROPERTIES Methane Ethane Propane

VALUES 95.3% 4.1% 0.43% 0.04% 0.04% 0.01% 0.05% 0.02%

LNG

Iso-butane N-butane N-pentane Hexane Nitrogen

AN OVERVIEW OF EMISSIONS FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS

EFFECTS OF EMISSIONS FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS

SO2 and NOx emissions react in the atmosphere to form acidic compounds that harm lakes and streams

Acid deposition harms forests and trees

Nitrogen deposition contributes to impaired coastal water Quality Fine particles impair visibility and increase regional haze Acid deposition and particles damage materials and cultural resources In order to protect the environment from The in-plant environment affected by the fossil fuel combustion characteristics and their impact on boiler availability and the handling requirements for gaseous and solid emissions produced from the combustion process.

Emissions at ten Indian thermal power plants in 2009-10:

S. No. Thermal Power Plant Capacity of plant CO2(Thousand
ton) 1 Dadri 1820 MW 6413.07 49.32 33.08

SO2 (kg) NO (kg)

2
3 4

Rihand
Singrauli Sipat

2500 MW
2000 MW 2980 MW

13049.07
18185.23 6142.32

83.58
74.07 49.57

64.49
81.71 31.62

5
6 7 8 9 10

Kutch lignite
Chandrapur Dahanu Kahalgaon Simhadri Neyveli lignite

290 MW
2340 MW 500 MW 2340 MW 2000 MW 2070 MW

807.08
14938.09 3812.31 7319.83 5979.83 12443.43

39.73
196.53 22.37 30.77 31.95 443.44

4.16
41.68 11.75 24.11 29.29 58.02

CO2, SO2, NO EMISSIONS FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA (GG) DURING 2001-02 TO 2009-10:
600000

500000

400000

300000

CO2 SO2

200000

NO

100000

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 YEAR 6 7 8 9 10

EMISSION STANDARS FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS

FOR COAL BASED TPPs: Power Generation capacity Less than 210 MW 210 MW or more Particulate matter emission 350 mg/Nm3 150 mg/Nm3

Depending upon the requirement of local situations, which may warrant stricter standards as in case of protected areas the State Pollution Control Board and other implementing agencies within the provisions of the EPA, 1980 may prescribe limit of 150 mg/Nm3 irrespective of the generation capacity of the plant. Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board and Delhi Pollution Control Committees have stipulated stringent standards of 115 and 50 mg/Nm3 respectively for control of particulate matter emission.

FOR GAS/NAPTHA BASED TPPs: (a) For existing units 150 ppm (v/v) at 15% excess oxygen
Generation capacity of gas turbine

(b) For new units with effect from 1-6-1999.

Limit for NOx emission (v/v), at 15% excess oxygen) (i) 50 ppm for the units burning natural gas. (ii) 100 ppm for the units burning naphtha (i) 75 ppm for the units burning natural gas (ii) 100 ppm for the units burning naphtha

400 MW and above

Less than 400 MW but upto 100 MW

Less than 100 MW

100 ppm for units burning natural gas or naphtha as fuel

For the plants burning gas in a conventional boiler

100 ppm

FOR LIQUID FUEL BASED TPPs:

EMISSIONS CONTROL-AVAILABLE MEASURES

Current Indian environmental standards require particulate emissions to be less than 150mg/m3 but there are no emission standards for NOx and SO2.

Consequently, all coal-based TPSs have installed Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) for particulate control. These ESPs have collection efficiencies in the range of 98-99.6% in order to meet the emissions standards.
With the developments in bag filter media and cleaning technologies, particularly for coals giving rise to high resistivity fly ash, bag filters are now considered as a viable and cost effective alternative for particulate emission control. The first step in any NOx emission control strategy is to optimise plant operation through interventions that reduce excess air, and fine-tune the boiler. Other combustion modification strategies include Low-NOx Burners (LNB), Overfire Air (OFA), Flue gas recirculation, and reburning.

 SO2 control technologies are basically of three types: Dry Sorbent Injection, Spray Dry Scrubbers and Wet Scrubbers.

In India in most of the coal based power plants, the ash slurry is discharged into ash ponds. Therefore disposal of fly ash and bottom ash is extremely water- and land-intensive. It causes diversion of fertile lands for ash ponds and unsustainable water usage. The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, has stipulated that all new coal-based power plants should indicate a plan for utilization of the ash while submitting the EIA/EMP for approval.