BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND VOCABULARY

3. La forma interrogativa se expresa mediante simple inversin de orden con el sujeto de la oracin. Am I?

3.1 la forma interrogativa tambin ser expresado de forma dudosa usando la forma negativa en la pregunta. Arent I the teacher?

Are you?
Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are you? Are they?

Arent you?
Isnt he? Isnt she? Isnt it? Arent we? Arent you? Arent they?

Debido a que no existe una contraccin para AM NOT, habitualmente se usa ARENT en este caso. En conversacin coloquial se usa la contraccin AINT Ejemplo: Arent I your friend? Aint I your friend? Am I right? Estoy correcto? Are you all right? Ests bien? Is he a captain? Es l un capitn? Arent I right? No estoy en lo cierto? Arent you tired? No ests cansado? Arent they happy? No estn ellos felices?

Isnt she a nurse?

No es ella una enfermera? Is my answer correct? Es correcta mi respuesta ?

Arent they busy?

Estn ellos ocupados Isnt this question correct? No es correcto esta respuesta?

Ex. 2. Answer these questions, as in the example : Is Tom a pilot? Yes, he is. Hes a pilot.
1. Are you in the office? Yes, 2. Is that man Mr. Clark? Yes, 3. Are we ready to go? 4. Am I a good instructor 5. Are the students in class? 6. Is Miss Jones a secretary?

7. 8. 9.

Is this a modern plane? Are the manuals updated? Is the bank open

10. Are you hungry?

Ex. 3. Answer the questions as in the example: Are they instructors? No, they are not. They are students. (No, They arent instructors) They re students . 1. Are the boys angry? No, 2. Are you thirsty? 3. Is Bob at home? 4. Are the children happy? 5. Is your brother a doctor? 6. Are your friends American? (hungry) (hungry) (at work) (sad) (an engineer) (British)

7. 8. 9.

Are you a navy officer? Is the table clean? Are the men old?

(an army officer) (dirty) (young) (off duty)

10. Is Capten Bowman on duty?

Ex. 4 Ask questions, as in the example below: (The Browns - at home) Are the Browns at home?
1. The manager / in his office 2. Peter and John / in class 3. The course / interesting 4. Your friends / from Canada 5. The computer / connected to Internet 6. The package / light or heavy

7. 8. 9.

The pictures / clear The children / in the playground. The CDs / in the drawer

10. The maps / in the library

Ex. 5. Ask questions using the wh-words What?, Who?, Where?, How?, as in the example: Its a plane. Whats this? O Whats that?
1. 2. Its a knife Theyre books

3.
4. 5. 6.

The cigarettes are in the bag

Im fine, thanks The cats under the sofa Its a chair

7. 8. 9. 10.

That boys my brother The books are on the table The children are tired That womans my wife

Ex. 6. Complete and practice these dialogues with a partner

1. Robert :
Jack : Robert : Jack :

How do you do? My name ______ Robert Brown.

How do you do? My name ______ Jack Richardson. Where ______ you from, Mr. Brown? I ______ American. I ______ from Appleton, Wisconsin. Oh. That ______ very interesting.

Ex. 6. Complete and practice these dialogues with a partner

2. Frank : Hello. My name ______ Frank. What ______ your name?

John : John : My name ______ John. How ______ you? Frank : I ______ fine, thanks. ______ you a student here? No, I ______ not. I ______ an instructor.

Frank : Oh. Pleased to meet you, Sir

Ex. 6. Complete and practice these dialogues with a partner. 3. Peter : Michael : Peter : Michael : Hello, Mike Hello, Peter. Who______ that girl? She ______ Mary. She ______ a new student 2.
. Where ______ she from?

Peter :
Michael : Peter :

She ______ from Australia.

______ she single? No, she ______ ______. She ______ married.

Michael :

Oh. Thats bad news.

Ex. 6. Complete and practice these dialogues with a partner. 4. Jack : Where ______ you, Jim?

Jim :
Jim :

I ______ here, in the library.

No, I ______ ______. I ______ with my friend Janet. Come and meet her.

Jack : ______ you alone?

Jim :

This ______ Janet. She ______ my classmate. She ______ from London.

Jack : Hello, I ______ glad to meet you, Jane. How ______ you? Janet : I ______ fine, Jack. Im glad to meet you, too.

The imperitive form is used to express orders or comands . The subject YOU is understud, but not pronounsed. 1. 2. Hurry back Open the book Regresa pronto Abra el libro

3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Close the door

Listen to the teacher Turn the light on Turn the light off. Come here fast Tell the truth Bring the chair

Cierra la puerta
Escucha al profesor Prenda la luz Apaga la luz Ven aqu pronto Di la verdad Trae la silla

10. Hand in the homework

Entrega la tarea

11. Hand out the papers 12. Sit down

Reparte los papeles Sintate, toma asiento

13. Stand up
14. Be quiet 15. Go home 16. Eat all your food 17. Speak a little louder

Ponte de pie
Cllete Vete a casa Cmete toda tu comida Habla un poco ms alto

The plural of nouns: Rule No.1 The plural of nouns in English is formed adding S to the end of the noun, if it is a general noun or does not enter in Rule 2,3,4,5. cat School gato Escuela cats Schools Gatos Escuelas

Hat
Cow Rat

Sombrero
Vaca Rata

Hats
Cows Rats

Sombreros
Vacas Ratas

Dog
Chair Boy Window Girl

Perro
Silla Nio Ventana nia

Dogs
Chairs Boys Windows Girls

Perros
Sillas Nios Ventanas nias

Rule No.2 To write the plural of nouns that en with the letter Y but has a voal before the Y , you change the Y with the voal I plus adding ES at the end. Lady Candy Daisy Body Baby Dama Dulce Margarita Cuerpo Beb Ladies Candies Daisies Bodies Babies Damas Dulces Margaritas Cuerpos Bebs

City
Family

Ciudad
Familia

Cities
Families

Ciudades
Familias

Rule No.3 To write the plural of English nouns that end with the letters: (S,Z,CH,SH,X) and some that end witn an O gust add ES at the end of the noun to change it from singular to plural.

Class
Church Speech Tomato Dish Potato Box

Clase
Iglesia Discurso Tomate Trasto / e Papa, patata Caja

Classes
Churches Speeches Tomatoes Dishes Potatoes Boxes

Clases
Iglesias Discursos Tomates Trastos / es Papas, patatas Cajas

Matress

Colchn

Matresses

Colchnes

Rule No.4 To write the plural of noun that end with the letters FE or F Knife Wife Thief Cuchillo Esposa Ratero knives Wives Thieves Cuchillos Esposas Rateros

Rule No. This Rule is very special because each noun must be learned by memory in singular and plural because each one jas its personal rule, they do not enter in rules 1,2,3 Child Foot Tooth Nio / a Pie Diente Children Feet Teeth Nios / as Pies Dientes

Man
Woman Mouse

Hombre
Mujer Ratn

Men
Women Mice

Hombres
Mujeres Ratones

Goose

Ganso

geese

gansos

B. EL TIEMPO PASADO: WAS - WERE 1. El verbo TO BE tiene las siguientes formas en el tiempo pasado: WAS - WERE

Verb TO BE Past Tense

Translation

I was You were He was She was It was We were You were They were

yo era/estaba T eras/estabas El era/estaba Ella era/estaba era/estaba

fui/estuve fuiste/estuviste fue/estuvo fue/estuvo fue/estuvo

Nosotros ramos/estbamos fuimos/estuvimos Uds. eran/estaban fueron/estuvieron Ellos/as ran/estaban fueron/estuvieron

Escuche, lea y aprenda:

When? -- Cundo? How old? -- Qu edad? Why? -- Por qu? Last week -- La semana pasada

Two days ago -- Hace dos das

Last night -- anoche The day before yesterday

Yesterday -- ayer
Tomorrow -- maana Anteayer

Past tense sentences

I was very busy yesterday. John was at home all day today We were in Paris last year

Translation
Yo estuve muy ocupado ayer John estuvo en casa todo el da hoy Nosotros estuvimos en Paris del ao pasado

Mary was the best student in my Mary era la mejor alumna de mi class. curso.

They were very good friends.

Mr. Jackson was here three weeks ago.

Ellos eran / fueron muy buenos amigos

Mr Jackson estuvo aqu hace 3 semanas

2. La forma negativa se expresa usando NOT despus de WAS o WERE. Normalmente se usan las contracciones WASNT o WERENT . -- Escuche, lea y aprenda: I was not very busy last week. Yo no estuve muy ocupado la semana pasada

John wasnt at home this morning.

We werent in New York last year. Mary wasnt a good student at high school. They werent very hardworking.

John no estuvo en casa esta maana

Nosotros no estuvimos en N.Y. el ao pasado Mary no era una buena alumna en el liceo Ellos no eran muy trabajadores

3. La forma interrogativa se expresa invirtiendo el orden de WAS / WERE con el sujeto. -- Escuche, lea y aprenda: Were you in class this morning? Was John sick yesterday? Was Mary a good student at school? Where were you at this time yesterday? Estuviste en clase esta maana? Estuvo John enfermo ayer? Era Mary una buena alumna en el colegio? Dnde estabas a esta hora ayer?

Why was Jim absent from work? Por qu estuvo Jim ausente del trabajo?

EXERCISES: Ex. 1. Complete these sentences with the proper form of the verb TO BE, present or past: 1. John ______ in New York the day before yesterday but he ______ in Chicago today.

2. They ______ free today, but they ______ at work yesterday.

3. Today ______ Monday. Yesterday ______ Sunday. 4. Where ______ the Johnsons last weekend? Where ______ they today?

5. The elevator ______ out of order last night, but it ______ working well now.

6.

John ______nt in the office at ten this morning because he ______ at a meeting.
Bob ______ very sick yesterday, but he ______ much better today. Tom _______ down town yesterday. Today he ______ studying

7. 8.

9.

The teacher ______ reviewing the lessons and gave homework for tomorrow.

10. The students ______ working very good today.

Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into : a) Negative b) interrogative 1. The secretary was busy at midday. 2. They were good friends at school. 3. The weather was fine that day.

4. The men were tired after the long walk.

5. Mary was late for the train this morning.

6. 7.

Henry was at the movie at 7 P.M. The children are happy?

8.
9.

She is from Australia.

I am here, in the library.

10. Miss Jones is a secretary?

Ex. 3. Ask questions using wh-words like: What? Where? When? , Why?, How?, How old, Who? 1. Tom was at home at midnight last night. 2. John was in the car at that moment. 3. Liz was in bed because she was sick.

4. The Smiths were in Chile in 1985.

5. George was a little better this morning

6.

Mr Clark was about 85 years old when he died.

7.
8. 9.

I like Ice-cream and fruit for dessert.

The weather is very bad today. The detective did very good during his investigation.

10. Vacation time is the best time to go to the beach.

The Fruits Pineapple Pia Strawberry Fresa

Cantalope
Grapes Peach Orange Cherry watermelon Tangerine

Meln
Uvas Durazno Naranja Cereza Sanda mandarina

Fig
Banana Apricot Pear Mango Plum Apple

Higo
Pltano Albaricoque Pera Mango Ciruela Manzana

The Adjetives -- The adjetives are used to modify, identify or especify the nouns and has no changes for masculine, female, singular or plural form. The peach is good. The banana is ripe. El durazno esta buena El pltano est maduro

The pear is juicy.

The apple is red. The orange is sweet.

La pera est jugosa

La manzana es roja La naranja est dulce

The watermelon is large.

The strawberries are frozen. The cherries are bitter. The man is arrogant. The house is new. The flowers are pretty.

La sanda es grande
Las fresas estn congeladas Las cerezas estn amargas El hombre es arrogante La casa es nueva. Las flores son bonitas.

Adjetives
Young Small Precious Intelligent Adorable Strict Joven Pequeo Valioso Inteligente Adorables Estricto / a Tall Triangle Hot Cold Soft Hard Alto triangular Caliente Frio Suave Duro

Modern
Round Squar

Moderno / a
Redondo Cuadrado

Fat
Thin Worm

Gordo
Delgado Calido

Clean

Limpio

Cool

Fresco

C. EL TIEMPO FUTURO: WILL BE 1. El tiempo futuro del verbo TO BE se expresa mediante el uso del Verbo Modal WILL seguido del infinitivo BE. Normalmente se usa la contraccin ll en la conversacin diaria informal. I will be You will be He will be She will be It will be We will be Yo ser / estar T sers / estars El ser / estar Ellas ser / estar Ser / estar Nos.seremos / estaremos

You will be
They will be

Uds. sern / estarn

Ellos / as sern estarn

1.1 -- Tambin se pueden usar las siguientes contracciones: Ill be Youll be Hell be Shell be Itll be How long? Cunto tiempo? Until hasta For para What time? Qu hora? Tomorrow -- maana

Well be
Youll be Theyll be

Next week -- la prxima semana

The day after tomorrow -- pasado maana

2. La forma negativa se expresa usando la palabra NOT despus del verbo modal WILL Normalmente se usa la contraccin WONT .

I will not be very busy tomorrrow.

Mary will not be at home today They wont be here all day

No estar muy ocupado maana

Mary no estar en casa hoy da Ellos no estarn aqu todo el da

It wont be cold tonight

No estar frio esta noche

3. La forma interrogativa se expresa usando el verbo modal WILL o la contraccin WONT delante del sujeto. Escuche, lea y aprenda:

Will you be free tomorrow evening?

Estars libre maana en la noche? Will the test be difficult? Ser dificil la prueba? Will they be here on Monday? estarn ellos aqu el lunes? Wont you be at the meeting?

No estars t en la reunin?

When will they be here again? Cundo estarn ellos aqu nuevamente?

How long will they be in Washington?

Canto tiempo estarn ellos en Washington? What time will you be back? A qu hora estar Ud. de regreso?

EXERCISES: 1. Complete the sentences as in the example: John is not at home today, but he (will be at home) tomorrow.
1. Tom and Jack arent in the same class this semester, but they _______________________________________next semester.

2.

John isnt absent today, but he _________________________ _______________________________the day after tomorrow.
It is not very cold now, but it __________________________ _________________________________________this evening. We are not busy right now, but we ______________________ __________________________________________after lunch.

3.

4.

5.

I am not in my office at the moment, but I _______________ ___________________________________in ten minutes. Mr. Johnson was not at the meeting last week, but he ______ ____________________________________ next Monday. The weather was not very nice last month, but it __________ ________________________________________next month. The teachers exam was easy today, but it ________________ _________________________________ very hard tomorrow.

6.

7.

8.

Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into the negative and the interrogative forms.
1. 2. 3. John will be in class today. Itll be hot tomorrow. My friends will be here before 12.

4.
5.

The program will be interesting.

Maryll be in the office all morning.

6.
7. 8. 9. 10.

Ill be in the first team.

They will be in the next town before midday. This is Janet. She is my classmate. She is from London. Hello, I am glad to meet you, Jane. How are you? I am fine, Jack. Im glad to meet you, too.

Ex. 3. Ask questions using : Where?,When?,Why? How?, How long?, What time?, etc. 1. 2. 3. All the shops will be closed tomorrow because its Sunday. I will be free next Tuesday morning. The students will be in the lab this afternoon.

4.
5.

They will be here at ten-thirty.

The weather will be very nice this month.

6.
7. 8.

Mary will be in New York next weekend.

She will be back in Chile on Wednesday. They will be at home all day because the weather is not good.

9.
10.

Mr. Johnson will be absent from work for three days?

The manager will be at the Bank early.

Ex. 4. Answer the following questions, in English.

1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

Where were you at this time yesterday?

When will you be on vacation again? How are you today? Who was absent from class last Monday? Why is your friend in bed at this time?

6.
7. 8. 9. 10.

Where were you last weekend?

Who was with you at the party last Saturday? When is the next general meeting? Where will you be at this time tomorrow? Why were you absent from class last Friday?

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

Ellos estarn muy ocupados maana en la maana.

Esos nios no son muy buenos alumnos. Dnde estn tus amigos ahora? Quin estuvo aqu esta maana? Nosotros no estuvimos aqu la semana pasada.

6.
7. 8. 9. 10.

Ella ser una excelente secretaria.

Ellos fueron buenos amigos en el colegio Los informes no estaban listos todava. Mr Jackson estuvo en la oficina todo el da. Cundo estn ellos libres todo el da?

11.
12. 13. 14. 15.

Quin era ese hombre?

Este no es un libro muy interesante. Alguien estuvo aqu ayer en la tarde. Cundo estar Ud. en esa ciudad nuevamente? Te gusto la leccin de hoy?

GREETINGS

Is anybody home?
Is anyone here? Please come in. Welcome to the party.

Est alguien en casa?

Esta alguien aqu? Entre por favor. Bienvenido / s a la fiesta.

I want to introduce you to a friend. Te le presento a un /a amigo/a Te/le quiero presentar a un amigo I want you to meet a friend. I am very happy to meet you. Mucho gusto en conocerte / le.

It is a pleasure to meet you.

The pleasure is mine. I am glad to meet you.

Es un placer conocerte / le .
El placer es mo. Encantado / a en conocerte / le.

Thank you for your hospitality.

Come back soon.

Gracias por su hospitalidad.

Regrese / n pronto.

C. EL TIEMPO FUTURO: WILL BE 1. El tiempo futuro del verbo TO BE se puede expresar de otra manera en vez de usar WILL es la forma simple de verbo TOBE + GOING TO+ un verbo principal en infinitivo+un complemento. I am going to work now You are going to ___v___ ___c__ He is going to ___v___ ___c__ She is going to ___v___ ___c__ It is going to ___v___ ___c__ We are going to ___v___ ___c__ Yo voy a / estar T sers / estars El ser / estar Ellas ser / estar Ser / estar Nos.seremos / estaremos

You are going to ___v___ ___c__

They are going to ___v___ ___c_

Uds. sern / estarn

Ellos / as sern estarn