Digital Image Watermarking

Er-Hsien Fu EE381K-15280 Student Presentation

Overview
Introduction Background Watermark Properties Embedding Detection The Project Introduction Embedding Detection Conclusions

Introduction
Watermark--an invisible signature embedded inside an image to show authenticity or proof of ownership Discourage unauthorized copying and distribution of images over the internet Ensure a digital picture has not been altered Software can be used to search for a specific watermark

Background
Watermark Properties
Watermark should appear random, noise-like sequence Appear Undetectable Good Correlation Properties High correlation with signals similar to watermark Low correlation with other watermarks or random noise Common sequences A) Normal distribution B) m-sequences

W=[1 0 0 1 0 01101 11010 01111 0 1 0 0 0]

Project:
Introduction
Possible for watermark to be binary sequence Error-correction coding techniques Use convolutional codes Decode by Viterbi algorithm Compare with non-coding method See if it improves watermark detection More or less robust to attacks? Additive noise, JPEG Compression, Rescale, Unzign Performance assessed by correlation coefficient

Watermark Embedding

Watermark

Original Image

Watermarked image

Watermark placed into information content of Original Image to create Watermarked Image Image Content Spatial Domain (Least Significant Bit) FFT - Magnitude and Phase Wavelet Transforms DCT Coefficients

Setup-Watermark Embedding
Image

DCT 1000 Highest Coeff

Conv Code Interleave

IDCT

Watermarked Image

Watermark

DC Component Excluded for 1000 Highest Coefficients Interleaving prevents burst errors Watermarked Image Similar to original image Without coding, ignore Conv Code and Interleave block

Original Image

Watermarked Image, No Coding

512x512 Mandrill Image See Handout Both watermarks imperceptible Alterations to original image difficult to notice Watermarked Image with Coding

Watermark Detection
*

=
Original Watermark Correlation

Suspected Image

Extracted Watermark

Watermark Extracted from Suspected Image Compute correlation of Extracted and Original Watermark Threshold correlation to determine watermark existence

Watermark Detection
W2 Corrupted Image Deinterleave, Viterbi Decode Extracted Watermark W1 Original Image 1000 Highest DCT Coeff Owners watermark Correlation Coefficient

For no coding, deinterleave and decode block ignored =E[W1*W2]/{ E[W12]E[W22]} If W1=W2 then =1 if W1 and W2 are independent, then =0 if E[W1]=0 Corruptions are additive noise, JPEG Compression Image scaling, and UnZign

Convolutional Codes
C0
Input=[...1011010101100000000] G0 = [1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1] G1 = [1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1]

C1
Output C0 = conv(G0,Input); Output C1=conv(G1,Input) Convolutional code implemented using linear shift registers Adds redundancy for error-correction Encoding/Decoding well researched Good coding performance, very popular

State 0 1 2 3

Viterbi Decoding

Find most likely path through trellis

Begin and end at all zero state Upper arrows => input=0, Lower arrow =>input=1

Every possible input/output combination is compared with the received output

Optimal Decoding Method

No Coding: Additive Noise(0,900)

With Coding: Additive Noise (0,900)

Zero mean additive noise, variance=100, 400, 900 Both methods had high correlation Coding method performed slightly better For variance = 900 (no coding) = 77% p (coding) = 84%

4:1 JPEG Compression, No coding

4:1 JPEG Compression With Coding

JPEG Compression: 1.4:1, 2.2:1, 4:1 ratio Both methods resistant to JPEG compression Coding method outperformed non-coding method Perfect detection for coding method

Watermark removal using Unzign

Convert to grayscale and resize

Unzign--watermark removal software Image resized to 512x512 and convert to grayscale before detection Moderate detection for without coding: (no coding) = 57% (coding) = 23% Coding method sensitive to resizing

Conclusions
Convolutional coding more immune to additive noise and JPEG Compression Coding method fragile w.r.t. rescaled images Moderate detection levels for unzigned images Further Suggestion: Try block DCT Use Wavelet Transform Exploit Human Visual System

Questions