Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

Introduction to chemistry

design all kinds of materials such as

1. Chemistry has enabled us to

metals, glass and plastics, which are widely used in our life.

2. Using the knowledge of chemistry, we have created many useful processes. Even the

water that we drink would not be safe

without chemical treatment.

1. Chemistry already existed since ancient times. Humans had already known how to extract metals such as copper and iron, and how to make ceramics and glasses. However, they did not know the chemical processes involved.

2. The systematic study of chemistry as a subject only began about 1700 years ago. It revolved around alchemy, an art of transforming common metals such as lead into precious metals, such as gold or silver. Even though no one ever succeeded in doing so, a number of important chemical processes such as distillation were discovered.

alchemy refers to both an early form of the investigation of nature and an early philosophical and spiritual discipline, both combining elements of chemistry, metallurgy

3.

from `al-kimiya', the Arabic word for alchemy.

In fact, the word `chemistry' is believed to originate

4. Modern chemistry began to be founded during the 17th century. The works of scientists of that time laid the

foundation for today's chemistry.

(a) Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist, is considered the founder of modern chemistry. He did many experiments on combustion and the composition of water.

(b) Robert Boyle, an English philosopher, is also considered as one of the founders of modern chemistry. He separated chemistry from alchemy and introduced experimental methods and idea that elements are the basic building blocks of matter.

Robert Boyle (Irish: Robaird Bhaoill) (25 January 1627 30 December 1691) was an Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and early gentleman scientist, noted for his work in physics and chemistry. He is best known for the formulation of Boyle's law. Although his research and personal philosophy clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, he is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry. Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry.

5. Now, chemistry is acknowledged as branch of science that deals with matter.

1. Chemistry is the study of the composition structure, properties and inter matter.

2. In chemistry, all matter is considered chemical. Thus, chemicals are not only found in bottles in laboratories, but also in common substances such as air, water, soil and metals.

3. We use chemicals in almost every our life. Here are some examples. (a) Sodium chloride is the salt that we use in cooking. (b) Vinegar is a dilute solution acid (acetic acid). It is widely used in preserving food.

3. We use chemicals in almost every our life. Here are some examples. (c) Calcium carbonate in the marble tiles is widely used in furniture and flooring. (d) Lime or calcium oxide is use in the preparation of cement and mortar.

3. We use chemicals in almost every our life. Here are some examples. (e) Silicon chips are used in a wide range of electronic devices such as computer, televisions and mobile phones (f) Pure copper is made into wire due to its extremely high electrical conductivity.

4.

In chemistry, we study what these chemicals are made

of, what are , how they interact among each other and how to use this knowledge to produce useful new chemicals.

their properties

1. Chemists are found in nearly all industries food, textiles, detergents, paints, water treatment and others. They are not only doing analysis work but also in research and development (R & D) work to improve the quality of products.

2. The (a) (b) (c)

Many other careers rely on the knowledge of chemistry. following are some of the careers. Doctor A biochemist is a scientist trained and dedicated to Biochemist producing results in the Bioengineer

Biological engineering (also biosystems engineering and bioengineering) deals with engineering biological processes in general. It is a broad-based engineering discipline that also may involve product design, sustainability and analysis of biological systems.

discipline of biochemistry. Typically biochemists study chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms. Biochemists study chemical processes and transformations in living organisms.

2. The (d) (e) (f)

Many other careers rely on the knowledge of chemistry. following are some of the careers. Pharmacist Pathologist Nutritionist

Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids A nutritionist is a health specialist who devotes his/her professional activity exclusively to food and nutritional science, preventive nutrition, diseases related to nutrient deficiencies, and the use of nutrient manipulation to enhance the clinical response to human diseases.

2. The (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (1)

Many other careers rely on the knowledge of chemistry. following are some of the careers. Chemical engineer Food technologist Forensic scientist Geologist Science lecturer Pollution controller
Forensic science (often shortened to forensics) is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to the legal system.

3. In fact, understanding chemistry is an advantage in almost all careers.

1. There are a great number of chemical-based industries in our country. The main industries and their products are as follows.
Chemical-based Products industry Petroleum Fuels and petrochemicals such as plastics industry

1. There are a great number of chemical-based industries in our country. The main industries and their products are as follows.
Chemical-based Products industry Palm oil industry Palm oil products such as cooking oil and margarine

1. There are a great number of chemical-based industries in our country. The main industries and their products are as follows.
Chemical-based Products industry Agrochemical Fertilisers and pesticides industry Rubber industry Rubber products such as tyres and latex gloves

1. There are a great number of chemical-based industries in our country. The main industries and their products are as follows.
Chemical-based industry
Pharmaceutical

Products
Drugs used in medicine industry

1. There are a great number of chemical-based industries in our country. The main industries and their products are as follows.
Chemical-based industry
Paint industry Cosmetic industry

Products
Paints, varnishes, inks and dyes Cosmetic products such as cleansers and facial creams

1. There are a great number of chemical-based industries in our country. The main industries and their products are as follows.
Chemical-based industry Products

Healthcare Healthcare products such as food supplements industry Detergent industry Detergents and fabric softeners industry Inorganic industry Chlorine, caustic soda and hydrogen NaOH

2. (a) Some of the chemicals produced are directly used by local consumers in their daily lives. The products have helped them to improve their health and standard of living. (b) Others are exported overseas, thus earning foreign exchange for the country.

3. Some chemical-based industries support other industries in the country. For example, the production of rubber, steel and plastics support our national automobile industry.

4. Thus, chemical-based industries contribute greatly to our economy. On top of that, they also provide jobs to millions of people.

1. As in all other fields of science, knowledge of chemistry is gathered through the a

systematic method

used by scientists in their investigations.

2. Generally, the scientific method starts with careful observations on a situation. Based on the observations, an inference is made.

3. An inference is just a smart guess. To verify it, a hypothesis is formulated and tested through a carefully planned and controlled procedure called an experiment.

4. The following shows the steps involved in the scientific method.

Making an observation
Gathering information about a phenomenon using our five senses, namely sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.

What can you observed?

4. The following shows the steps involved in the scientific method.

Making an inference
Making a smart guess or a tentative explanation about the phenomenon based on the observation.
Why the coffee does not dissolved completely?

4. The following shows the steps involved in the scientific method.

Identifying the problem Asking a question based on the inference made.
Is the temperature affects the solubility of coffee?

4. The following shows the steps involved in the scientific method.

Making a hypothesis Making a general statement about the relationship between a manipulated variable and a responding variable to explain the question asked.
The higher the temperature the higher the solubility of coffee in water?

Identifying the variables A variable is a factor that affects the results of an experiment. Manipulated variable - the factor that is purposely changed in an experiment. Responding variable - the factor that changes with the manipulated variable. Controlled variables - the factors that are kept constant throughout an experiment.

4. The following shows the steps involved in the scientific method.

Controlling the variables Deciding how to manipulate the chosen variable, what to measure and how to keep the controlled variables constant.

4. The following shows the steps involved in the scientific method.

Planning an experiment Determining the list of materials and apparatus, the exact procedure of the experiment, the method of collecting data and ways to analyse and interpret the collected data.

Collecting data Making observations or measurements and then recording them systematically.

4. The following shows the steps involved in the scientific method.

Interpreting the data Organising and analysing data. Calculations, graphs or charts are usually drawn to look for any relationship between the variables.

Making a conclusion Making a statement about the outcome of the experiment and whether the hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
The higher the temperature, the faster the coffee dissolved.

4. The following shows the steps involved in the scientific method.

Writing a report
Communicating the details of the experiment.

5. Scientific attitudes and noble values should be inculcated in all chemistry investigations. For example: (a) An experiment is planned and carried out systematically and diligently. constant and earnest effort (b) All observations and collection of data must be done honestly and objectively. (c) Interpretation of data, inferences and conclusions are made with rational, critical and analytical thinking.