Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
** Describe the structure and function of a heart *** Describe the cardiac cycle
Starter: 1.What components make up the circulatory system? 2. What are the substances carried by this system ? Name the route of each substance. 1.Blood, heart and blood vessels. 2. Oxygen from lungs to cells digested food from small intestine to cells CO2 from cells to lungs waste materials from cells to kidneys.
Double circulation
Like all mammals, humans have a double circulation The right side of the heart sends blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) Blood returns from the lungs to the left side of the heart which pumps it into the systemic circulation supplying the rest of the body. Blood passes twice through the heart.
Double circulation
What is the advantage of a double circulation?
Double circulation
A double circulation has the advantage of providing all body organs with oxygenated blood at high pressure and at low pressure to the lungs as they are spongy tissue.
Most of the pressure generated by the heart is lost in the gills, and the organs receive low pressure oxygenated blood.
Double circulation
Double circulation is made possible by the complete division of the heart into separate left and right sides
Pulmonary circulation Lungs
The left side receives oxygenated blood(red) from the lungs, and pumps it to the systemic circulation; the right side receives deoxygenated blood (dark red) from the body, and pumps it to the lungs.
Heart
Systemic circulation
Body
Blood circulation
The heart pumps blood to the blood vessels. Arteries take blood away from the heart to different organs and veins bring them back to the heart. The smallest blood vessels that connect arteries to veins are capillaries. The circulatory system allows one way blood flow. The capillaries has very thin walls so to reduce the pressure of blood flow small muscular blood vessels called arterioles receive the blood to reduce the pressure before blood enters capillaries. Most arteries contain oxygenated blood and most vein deoxygenated blood but not all.
http://heartlab.robarts.ca/dissect/dissection .html
Semilunar valves( has 3 pockets and half moon shaped) Pulmonary veins
Aorta
Left atrium Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid valve)
Septum Tendon
Papillary muscle
Left ventricle
1. Deoxygenated blood (i.e. blood without oxygen) enters through the vena cava into the right atrium 2. Its then pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
The Heart
4. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
5. Its then pumped through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
3. Its then pumped through the semi-lunar valve up to the lungs through the pulmonary 04/01/2014 artery
6. Its then pumped out of the aorta to the rest of the body
Blood Vessels
Objectives: *Name blood vessels and describe their structure ** Explain how structures are related to their functions *** Explain the role of valves in heart and blood vessels
1. Identify the stage of the cardiac cycle shown in the diagram. Give two reasons for your answer. (3 marks) 2. Identify the blood vessels labelled A, B and C. (3 marks) X Y 3. Explain the difference in thickness of the muscular wall at X and Y.
(2 marks)
The main organs in the circulatory system are the _____, the lungs and the kidneys.
04/01/2014
Blood vessels
Arteries carry blood from the heart towards capillary beds, veins carry blood from capillary beds towards the heart Arteries do not always carry oxygenated blood, nor veins deoxygenated: the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood, the pulmonary and umbilical veins oxygenated blood
Arteries
Arteries characteristically have: a narrow lumen, maintaining high pressure a thick wall to withstand high pressure
Veins
Veins characteristically have: a wide lumen, giving minimum resistance to low pressure flow a smooth endothelium, again giving minimum resistance
Lumen
Veins carry low pressure blood back to the heart. They have thinner, less elastic walls and have valves to prevent backflow of 04/01/2014 blood.
As arteries branch and become smaller, their muscle and elastic layers are reduced. Arterioles still have muscle and a nerve supply, and control the blood supply to capillary beds Capillaries have no muscle or nerve supply, only a single cell layer (the endothelium) As capillaries rejoin they form venules, which reunite to form veins
Capillary structure
The capillary wall is a single layer of very flat cells. It is highly permeable, with gaps between cells and holes through cells: capillary beds are where exchange occurs between blood and tissues. The lumen of a capillary is about 5 mm in diameter: red blood cells (diameter 7 mm) pass through in single file, squashed against the capillary wall. Nucleus of squamous epithelial cell Capillary lumen Red blood cell Basement membrane of squamous epithelial cell allows small molecules through, keeps plasma proteins in
O
Heart
G
Lungs
A
Liver Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein
Kidneys
pulmonary artery
Renal artery
pulmonary vein
Hepatic vein
Renal vein
Practice questions
The micrograph shows a blood vessel in transverse section 1. Identify the type of blood vessel shown and give two reasons for your answer. (3 marks)
2. Name two kinds of tissue you would expect to find in the layer labelled X, and state one function for each.
(2 marks)
Coronary circulation
Aorta
The muscular wall atria and ventricles of the heart is provided with highpressure oxygenated blood by the coronary arteries, arising from the base of the aorta just above the semilunar valves.
Slow Flow
Healthy arteries has smooth lining letting the blood flow easily. However c which is made in the liver can stick to the wall making it n.. Which will slow down the flow. This condition is known as atherosclerosis. The artery walls can become rough which can cause the blood to c and block the vessel. The blockage is called thrombosis.
These conditions can cause chest pains especially when the heart is working hard. This condition is called angina when enough o does not get to the heart muscle. Angina or thrombosis can lead to a heart attack. Parts of the heart can be damaged or it may stop beating altogether causing cardiac arrest.
Risk fcators
Factors that can be avoided: 1. Diet with too much saturated (animal)fat increases concentration of cholesterol in the blood. 2. Overweight 3.Smoking 4.Taking little or no exercise 5. Stress Factors cannot be avoided: 1. Genes that control the metabolism of fat and cholesterol 2. Age increases with age 3. Sex men are more likely than women
Taking care
1.Diet Eat more poultry and fish fresh fruit and vegetables. Cut down on fried foods, red meat.