Introduction

Generally the northern parts of India experience this type of climate. Mostly cold & cloudy regions are situated at higher altitudes Shimla, Shilong, Shrinagar, Mahabaleshwar..etc landscape & vegetation :High land regions with abundant vegetation in summer. Solar radiation :Low in winters with high percentage of defuse radiation.

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 Relative humidity :70 80 %

Winds :Cold winds in winter season. Sky conditions :Overcast most of the year except during brief summer.

Precipitation :Annual total is about 1000mm, throughout the year. Ambient temperature :Season summer Day 20-30`C Night 17-27`C

Winter

14-8`C

-3, -4`C

Winters are cold and summers are pleasant. Prime concern:- Trapping & using suns heat. - internal heat should not be lost. - minimized exposure to cold winds.

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Design objectives :I. Resist heat loss by : - decreasing the exposed surface area. - increasing the thermal resistance. - increasing the thermal capacity. - increasing the buffer spaces. - decreasing the air exchange rate.

II.

Promote heat gain by :

- avoiding excessive shading. - utilizing the heat from appliances. - trapping the heat from sun.

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Guidelines :Orientation :
South hill or mountain for better access To solar radiation as heat gain is desirable.

Location :leeward side , act as a wind barrier.

Spaces and form :Clustered together to minimize access of cold winds

Open such must be such that they allow maximum south sun

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Paving :Treated with hard and reflective surface, so that they reflect solar radiation onto the building.

Street width and orientation :Street width enough to ensure that the building on both the side do not shadow each other. East west to allow heat gain from south side.

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Plan form Orientation :Plan form compact to reduce the exposure to cold. Southern side living areas Northern side utility areas,this side should be well insulated. Air lock lobbies, entrance & exit points, reduce heat loss. Windows should encourage direct sun light ,preferably from south. The heat generated by appliances in room, such as kitchens may be recycled to heat the other parts of the building.

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Building envelope : Roof : False ceiling ,Insulation such as,

Polyurethane foam (puf),thermocol,wood wool, etc. - A sufficient slope to the roof enables quick drainage of rain water and snow.

Sky lights : To admit heat as well as light in winters

- In summers shutters can be provided to avoid heating in summer.
-A solar air collector can be incorporated onto the facing slope of the roof & hot air from it can be used for space heating purpose

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Walls : Thicker walls

Low u- value to resist heat loss. South wall high thermal capacity - The insulation should have sufficient vapour barrier such as coats of bitumen, polyethylene sheet 300 600gauge or aluminium foil. - hollow & lightweight concrete blocks are also quite suitable. - on the windward north side, a cavity wall type of construction may be adopted.

Fenestration :
-Maximum windows in south side & should be sealed and preferably double glazed. -Double glazing avoid heat loss during winter nights.

Color : -The external surface of the walls should be dark in color to gain heat.

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Book study
Name of the project - MLA Hostel,Shimla Climate Cold & cloudy Promoters Technical Project Management Cell,
State Council for Science, Technology & Environment, Shimla. year of completion 1999 Client/owner Govt of Himachal Pradesh Cost the initial cost of Rs 10 723 /m2 increased to Rs 11 178/ m2 due to incorporate of passive solar measures, thus there was a 4.2% increase in overall costs over the initial estimates.

Design team Solar architects Sanjay Prakash & Siddhartha Wig Local architects B P Malhotra, Chief Architect, Himachal Pradesh Public Works Department; Surinder Kumar Senior Architect,
Himachal Pradesh Public Works Department

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Location In close proximity to the Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha building in

Shimla. No of blocks - 4 Orientation South +- 15 degrees No major changes in block 1 & 2 More energy conscious approach towards block 3 & 4

Categorization of concepts
Concepts for bringing up the specification from a low level to the normal level.

Concepts for improving the thermal performance of the buildings

Concepts to enhance the life style of the inhabitants.

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Energy saving features

Attempt to lower the amount of conventional energy

Fundamental Concepts
-Orientation & compact planning. -Solar gain & heat storage. -Insulation, mass & color - Heat distribution & air movement. -Use of energy efficient & renewable energy devices.

Passive solar details

Design cater to the difficult winter months. A passive heating strategy has been devised. To increase the overall efficiency of the building.

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Suggested design features to improve the thermal efficiency

Revised layout - South + - 15 degrees ..for solar gain. - buildings are spaced apart to eliminate shadows. - south facing bed rooms. Separate air lock after staircase landing. - prevents heat loss & decreased the rate of infiltration. - Not done due to lack of space at the entrance. Thickening of external wall. - 4.5 to 9 brick wall or 12 stone wall - for weather proofing . Over lapping curtains -well sealed heavy curtains -To act as thermal mass & to prevent heat loss. Carpeted floors - provide insulation & improve the general level of comfort. - preferably dark color.

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 Small overhangs To increase the amount of sun shine. -Primary purpose was rain protection .

Roof insulation-To preserve temperature inside building & prevented heat loss from top floor. Rook wool insulation above false ceiling. Wall insulation Either insulation or cavity wall & helps in roof insulation - rook wool blanket / thermocol sheet used in walls behind paneling. Sunspace- A balcony can be made into a sunspace ,increased heating in winter. Reduction of north glazing- Heat gain through north-facing windows is negligibl Increase in heat loss to the ambient. Double glazing- To overcame the problem of condensation in badly executed double glazing..2 separate sets of shutters are provided, vacuum- sealed windows are expensive alternatives. plastic/ timber frames- Lower conductivity. To reduce conductive heat loss to the outside.

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 Glazed atrium over staircase.- Staircase is on the north side.help to improve the general level of lighting in the staircase well. Remote heating of north bed room.- To tap heat on the South wall & transport it the north bedroom trombe walls can be used Better weather proofing- Reduce infiltration. Rubber stripping..helps sealing .

Food warmer in kitchen - Use solar heat to keep food warmprovided outside the window of kitchen towards southern side.

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Renewable energy system Solar water heaters mounted on the roof & use to trap the sun to heat water.
- in the process of installation.

low wattage electrical radiating panels

- to use the available heat during peak winter. - form an integral part of the heating strategy in the apartments that do not receive any sunlight.

Performance result
- Inside temperature range between 10`C to 26` C - Ambient temperature between 4.5`C to 7`C - Food warmer temperature goes up to 32`C during this period

Users feed back

- Food warmer is useful device,save conventional energy. - small office/visitors lobby is very much appreciated. - Outside view is restricted. - no space for drying clothes nor any common spaces provided.

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Conclusion
Comfort requirements & physical manifestation

Activities
Heat loss
increase of exposed surface area Increase of thermal resistance Increase of thermal capacity Increase of buffer spaces Increase air exchange rate Increase surface absorptivity

Physical Manifestation

Orientation & shape

Use of trees as a wind barriers. roof insulation,wall insulation & double glazing Thicker walls. Airlocks/lobbies Weather stripping. Darker color

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Activities

Physical Manifestation

Remote heat gain

Device shading and heat from appliances Roofing heat walls and glass surfaces

Sunspaces/green houses/ trombe walls etc

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MLA Hostel, Shimla {Cold and cloudy}

Submitted by :-

Isha Dhote
Diksha Tank Vaijayanti Hanmante