Dairy Farm Emission

Study in NOx Limited

Areas for Ozone Control
Min Huang
University of Iowa
SARP, 08/12/2009, Irvine
Overview

 Background and
Objectives

 DataCollection and
Analysis

 Results
Background
 O3=VOC+NOx+sunlight in
troposphere

 Standards:
State 1-hr: 0.09 ppm; State 8-
hr: 0.07 ppm; National 8-hr:
0.075ppm
 Central valley has well
documented O3 problems over
the past decades
 Background

§ ~1/3 days of year exceeded

state/ national 8 hour standard
§ Maximum : 8 hr ~120ppb; 1hr
~140ppb
http://www.arb.ca.gov/aqmis2/annual_oz
 EPA NEI CARB
2002 2008

•Total VOC emission

significantly dropped
from on road
emissions but slightly
from other categories

•The gradients over

http://www.arb.ca.gov/aqd/almanac/almanac.htm state
http://www.epa.gov/cgi-
 Why SARP successful for
biogenic emission study

Few
facilities
emission
interrupti
http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/where.htm
Why SARP successful for
biogenic emission study

2008- 2009-
ARCTAS SARP
Less fire
Why SARP successful for
biogenic emission study

Altitude
(feet)
Julian time

Flight Flight
1 2
Continuous low –
Objectives
 Determine the spatial distribution
of VOCs in central valley,
particularly ethanol and
acetaldehyde from dairy farms.
-- emission inventories
improvement

 Correlatethe VOC concentrations

to ozone production in central
valley
Data Collection and
Analysis
VOCs (C1 ~C10)
 Whole Air Sampler
 gas chromatography +
detectors + “Chromeleon”
modification

NOx & O3
 STEM model forecast
 Results-VOC spatial
distribution

p
pbC

Total C1~ C10 from

Results- Ethanol spatial
distribution

pp
ptv
pbv

Ethanol
concentrations
 Results - Ethanol/VOC
spatial distribution

Ethanol /total
C1~C10 from 2
 VOC emissions
in
NEI from
livestock &
fertilizer by
Yang et
al county
HIGHER PEAKS in summer (ton/yr)
time
Tulare 5008
Stanislaus
4561
Merced 3220
--------------------
http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/w
Results-VOC vs. Ozone
After removing diurnal circles
by
exponential regression for O3 &
VOC

Fligh
t1

NOT
RELATED!
Fligh
t2
VOC vs. Ozone
 Differentreactivity of VOCs to
produce O3
 Meteorology - transport & mixing,
etc
 O3=VOC+NOx+sunlight
ratio of VOC/NOx affects O3
production ！
“ The San Joaquin Valley of
California is a region where
secondary pollutants will respond
weakly or not at all to continued
anthropogenic VOC controls while
VOC vs. Ozone
Definition of VOC/NOx sensitive
based on ratio
 Flexible
 Rule of thumb – 10ppbC/ppbv
(Molina)
 Consider model uncertainties and
rural characteristics, in this study -
• < 10 VOC sensitive
• 10 ~ 20 Transitional (both
Case study – flight 1

High NOx due to diurnal cycle, excluded

from discussion
 Case study – flight 1
 Most areas with high
ethanol+acetaldehyde % and total
VOCs are transitional or NOx limited
 Why still need to control VOCs?
What if reducing ethanol +
acetaldehyde by 75 % ?
 Case study – flight 1
 Mostof them move to transitional
area or VOC sensitive areas after
reduction
 Ratioscan decrease more because of
the reduction to other VOCs of the
same sources
 Maximum Incremental Reactivity: (g
O3/g C)
Ethanol: 1.69 (life time 4 days)
Acetaldehyde: 6.84 (life time 11
 Conclusion
 Ethanol was observed high in Fresno
surrounding areas mainly due to
dairy farms emission, which account
a large portion of VOC in these areas
 No direct correlations between VOC-
O3
 Most of these rural areas possibly
belong to
non-VOC limited
 Reducing dairy farm ethanol
emissions can still be efficient to O3
 Future work
 Other VOC sources identification
 Emission Inventory comparisons and
sensitivity studies

*What if we also have observed O3

and NOx for the analysis ?
*75% ethanol control is a long way to
go, Are there particular NOx
sources/other VOC sources that can
be easier to control ?
*NOx or VOC sensitive in winter ?
Acknowledgement

 Blake/Rowland group
 SARP emission team
 Greg Carmichael, ScottSpak,
Charles Stanier and modeling
colleagues @ U Iowa
 NASA & NSERC
THANK YOU!
QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?
Back up
Acetaldehyde
(pptv)

Ethanol
(pptv)
Back up—STEM for ARCTAS
Flight 13