Normal microflora

of a human’s body

micro ecology
 Normal microflora

- is the composition of symbiotic microorganisms

formed during evolution, inhabiting skin and
mucous membranes of a human body, stayed in
the dynamic stable balance

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Qualitative and quantitative compound of
Normal microflora
depends on:
-State of Health
-Age
-Type of a diet
-Climate conditions
-Ecological conditions

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 Normal microflora may be arranged
into the groups:
1. Skin microflora

2. Microflora of conjunctiva

3. Microflora of a mouth and upper

respiratory tract

4. Microflora of gastrointestinal tract

and rectum

5. Microflora of urine genital tract

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 Symbiotic microorganisms

inhabiting the same area of a body form one ecosystem.

All microorganisms of one ecosystem may be arranged

into 2 groups:

Indigenous or resident Transient microflora

microflora
relatively fixed types nonpathogenic or potentially
of microorganisms pathogenic microorganisms
regularly found in a given area that inhabit some area
at a given age for a short period

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 Mother’s
intestinal and vaginal microflora

of
microflora of the
microflora
medicine environment
personal
Microflora
of the newborn baby

3 sources of
newborns
microbiota
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 The role of Normal Microflora
Colonization resistance - protection from
diseases:
 NM inhibits pathogens by production of
lactic and acetic acids and bacteriocins
occupies cell receptors of mucous
membranes
metabolizes nutrient substrates
activates immune system

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 The role of Normal Microflora

Assimilation of nutrients
oligosaccharides - by Bifidobacterium
Polysaccharides - by Bacteroides

Regulation of
Gas balance in the intestine
Acid balance in the intestine
produce vitamins K, B; amino acids

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 Skin microflora

The predominant m/o of

the humans skin are
aerobic and
anaerobic gram
positive cocci and
rods.
Limitation factors of skin microflora:
Staphylococcus aureus pH of skin
Secreting of fatty acids
Secreting of lysozyme
Presence of oxygen

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Actinomyces Propionibacterium

Gram positive rods can be

detected
in normal microflora of skin
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 Normal microflora of Skin

Resident m/o Transient m/o

• Gram positive • Gram positive
cocci: cocci:
Micrococcus Sarcina
Staphylococcus
• Gram positive • Gram positive
rods: rods:
Corynebacterium Bacillus
Propionibacterium Actinomyces
Brevibacterium • Yeasts:
Candida
• Fungi 11
Microflora of a mouth and upper respiratory
tract

Veilonella spp Haemophillus influenzae

Bacteroides fragilis Neisseria meningitidis

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 Normal microflora
of nasopharingx and oral cavity
Resident Transient
• Gram positive cocci: • Gram positive cocci:
Streptococcus Peptococcus
Micrococcus • Gram positive rods:
Staphylococcus Actinomyces
• Gram negative cocci: Bacillus
Neisseria • Gram negative rods:
Veilonella Fusobacterium
• Gram positive rods: • Yeasts:
Corynebacterium Candida
Lactobacterium
• Gram negative rods:
Bacteroides 13
 Normal microflora
of urine genital tract
Vagina
Resident m/o
• Gram positive cocci:
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
• Gram negative
cocci:
Veilonella
Different species of • Gram positive rods:
Lactobacillus are Lactobacillus
predominant • Gram negative rods:
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Prevotella
 Normal microflora
of urine genital tract
Vagina
Transient m/o
• Gram positive cocci:
Peptococcus
Streptococci group B
• Gram positive rods:
Bifidobacterium
Coryneforming bacteria
• Gram negative rods:
Streptococcus Fusobacterium
group B • Yeasts: 15
Candida
 Normal microflora
of urine genital tract
Urethra

Resident m/o Transient m/o

• Gram positive cocci: • Gram negative rods:
Streptococcus Prevotella
Staphylococcus E. coli
Peptococcus • Yeasts:
Peptostreptococcus Candida
• Gram negative cocci:
Veilonella
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Microflora of Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

The most heavily colonized area.

All microorganisms of GIT are arranged into

ecosystems:

Stomach and duodenum - 10³ bacteria

per gramm
Jejunum and ileum - 104-107

Colon and rectum - 107-1012

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 Intestinal Microflora of a newborn
(1 month of life)
Breast-fed child Bottle-fed child
The predominant resident Bifidobacterium and
m/o are different Lactobacillus assosiated
Bifidobacterium species with Bacteroides,
(about 90%) Clostridium, Streptococci
and Lactobacillus, group D , E. coli
Bacteroides, Streptococci transient m/o:
group D, E. coli Enterobacter,Klebsiella
transient m/o: Proteus, Citrobacter,
Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus,Bacillus,
Clostridium Candida

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 Intestinal Microflora of adults
Resident m/o
• Gram positive rods:
Bifidobacterium
Lactobacillus
Propionibacterium
• Gram positive cocci:
Streptococci group D
(=Enterococci)
Gram negative cocci:
Bifidobacterium Veilonella
longum • Gram negative rods:
Bacteroides,Fusobacterium
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E. coli
 Intestinal Microflora of adults

Transient m/o

• Gram positive cocci:

Peptococcus
• Gram positive rods:
Clostridium
Bacillus
• Gram negative rods:
Clostridium
Enterobacteriaceae
• Yeasts:
Candida
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 Dysbiosis
is qualitative and quantitative alterations of normal
microflora, induced by violation of ecological balance
between microbial populations

Dysbiosis isn’t a disease, it appears as a symptom

after:
1.Infection process or somatic disease
2. Prolonged therapy with antibiotics, hormones etc.
3. Radiation or immunosuppressive therapy
4. Total changing of diet, climate
5. Prolonged stress
6. Prolonged staying in the exclusive space
(cosmonauts, sailors in submarines)
7. Radiation sickness
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 Dysbiosis

Compensatory
stage:
Sub
Insignificant
compensatory
decreasing of Decompensatory
one group of stage:
stage:
resident m/o. decreasing of
elimination of several
several residents
groups of residents,
and increasing of
translocation of
transients.
some transients into
the other
ecosystems.
May appier local
infection
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 Biopreparations to correct Dysbiosis

• Probiotics – contain pure culture of a resident m/o

(living)

• Prebiotics – contain nutrient substrate (growth factor)

which can be fermentated by resident m/o

• Synbiotics - contain mixed nutrient substrate and

pure culture of a resident m/o

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 Diagnosis of Dysbiosis

• Cultural (Bacteriologic) method - qualitative and

quantitative examination

• Molecular-genetics methods:
Polymerase Chain reactions (PCR, RT-PCR)

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Polymerase Chain reaction

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Result s of PC R wi ll b e vi si ba le in g el
elec trop horesi s

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• Ampliphycator for PCR
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 Gnotobiology

Is the science which studies mechanisms of

microbial influence to host immune system
on a model of germ-free animals
• Germ-free animals have no their own
microflora – sterile animals
• Germ-free animals live in sterile conditions
• Germ-free animals eat sterile food

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