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Financial Reporting
Providing financial information about an entity to enable users to make decisions Financial information includes financial statements and other types of reports
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Statement of Financial Position Statement of Comprehensive Income Statement of Changes in Equity Statement of Cash Flows Notes
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Portions omitted
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ACCOMPANYING NOTES
The notes (also sometimes referred to as footnotes) that accompany the four financial statements are required and form an integral part of the statements. Notes include information on - Significant accounting choices (policies, methods, and estimates). - Explanatory detail about line items on the face of the financial statements. - Other disclosures, such as commitments and contingencies. Based on notes disclosures, analysts can understand whether accounting choices are similar for the companies being compared. If the policies differ, an analyst can often make necessary adjustments so that the financial statement data used are more comparable.
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Net sales increased 7.2% in 2011 compared with 2010 due to net price realization and sales volume increases in the U.S. and for our international businesses. Net price realization contributed approximately 3.5% to the net sales increase primarily due to the impact of list price increases, offset somewhat by higher promotional rates. Sales volume increased net sales by approximately 3.4% due primarily to sales of new products in the U.S. The favorable impact of foreign currency exchange rates increased net sales by approximately 0.3%.
Excerpt from Hersheys MD&A, Annual Report (2011)
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AUDITORS REPORTS
Financial statements presented in companies annual reports are generally required to be audited (examined) by an independent accounting firm in accordance with specified auditing standards. An audit report is a written opinion on the financial statements prepared by the independent auditor. Objectives of the independent auditor in conducting an audit:
- To obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement (whether due to fraud or error), enabling the auditor to opine on whether the statements are prepared in accordance with applicable financial reporting framework
- To report on the financial statements
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Interim reports: (Unaudited) financial statements with updated information on a companys performance and financial position since the last annual period
Press releases, particularly earnings announcements, and conference calls Presentations to analysts
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- Use financial ratios to assess a companys profitability, liquidity, leverage, and efficiency relative to its own past (trend analysis) and relative to peer/benchmark companies.
- Synthesize all available information to develop expectations about a companys likely future performance. - Develop forecasts and use as input to valuation.
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FOLLOW-UP
If an equity investment is made or a credit rating is assigned, periodic review is required to determine whether the original conclusions and recommendations are still valid. Follow-up may involve repeating all the previous steps in the process on a periodic basis.
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SUMMARY
Financial statements include - statement of financial position (balance sheet); - statement of comprehensive income; - statement of changes in equity; - statement of cash flows; and - notes. - Analysts use various information sources in financial statement analysis besides annual financial statements. - For example, MD&A, earnings announcements, external data sources, and direct experience. - Steps in financial analysis: - articulate purpose and context, - collect data, - process data, - analyze data, - develop and communicate conclusions and recommendations, and - follow-up.
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