ABN AMRO School of Knowledge

Internal Learning Programme

Banking Business

For Internal Use only

Session – 1

Busines of Banking
&
Types & Constitution of Banks
Contents

1. Definition of Banking Business.

2. Permitted & Prohibited Business under Banking.

3. Types of Banks & constitution of Banks

4. Reserve Bank of India Act 1934.

5. Banking Regulation Act 1949.

3
Definition of Banking Business

Acceptance of deposits of money from the public for the purpose of lending or investment.
Involves two basic functions (a) acceptance of deposits (b) lending or investments of such
deposits.
The deposits are repayable on demand or at an agreed time frame.
Banks can accept ‘deposits of money’ and not anything else for lending & investments.

Acceptance of deposits by Non Banking Financial Companies is not Banking and is

regulated by RBI.
Acceptance of deposits by other companies is not Banking and is regulated under the
Companies Act under the Companies (Acceptance of Deposit) Rules.
Individuals, firms & unincorporated associations are prohibited from accepting deposits by
the RBI.

4
Permitted Business under Banking

Borrowing, raising or accepting money/deposits.

Lending money with or without security.
Dealing in bills of exchange, promissory notes, bills of lading.
Granting & issuing Letter of Credits, travelers cheques.
Dealing in bullion and foreign exchange.
Purchasing & selling of bonds, scrip's & securities on behalf of others.
Negotiating of loans & advances.
Acting as agent of the Government.
Merchant Banking operations.
Transact Guarantee & Indemnity business.
Execute trusts, undertake administration of estates.
Deal in property as security for advances.
Lease financing & factoring.

5
Prohibited business under Banking

Engaging directly or indirectly in trading activities and undertaking trading risks.

Buying or selling of goods directly or indirectly.

Bartering of goods directly or indirectly.

Holding property beyond seven years except as is required for its own use.

6
Types of Banks & constitution of Banks

Banks in India fall under one of the following categories

Body corporate constituted under special statutes.

State Bank of India constituted under State Bank of India Act 1955.
State Bank of India subsidiaries constituted under State Bank (Subsidiary Bank) Act 1959.
All Nationalized Banks constituted under The Banking Companies (Acquisition & Transfer
of Undertaking) Act, 1970 &1980.
Regional Rural Banks constituted under the Regional Rural Banks Act 1974..

Companies registered under the companies ACT 1956 or Foreign Companies.

All private Sector Banks registered under the Companies Act 1956.
All foreign banks incorporated outside India.

Co-operative Societies registered under the Co-operative Societies Act.

Co-operative Banks registered under the Central Act, Multi-Units State Co-operative
Societies Act.
Co-operative Banks registered under the State Co-operative Societies Act.

7
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934

Created to constitute the Reserve Bank of India.

Regulates issue of Bank notes.
Keeps & maintains reserves including foreign exchange for securing monetary stability.
Operates currency & credit systems through monetary controls, cash reserves, bank rate.
Banker to Government.
Acts as lender of last resort.
Regulates acceptance of deposits by NBFC’s.
Financial supervision of Banks and financial institutions.
Collection & furnishing of credit information.
General provisions regarding audit & accounts.

RBI Act, 1934 Does not directly deal with the regulation of Banking system but plays the
role of a regulator.

8
Banking Regulation Act, 1949

Enacted to regulate Banking Companies.

The Act is applicable to Banking companies including Co-operative Banks in addition to

other applicable laws.

Regulates entry into Banking business by licensing.

Issues guidelines for shareholding, directorship and voting rights.

Issues guidelines regarding loans & advances, interest rates, maintenance of assets,
selective credit control.
Issues guidelines regarding audit, inspection and submission of Balance Sheet & other
financials.

Suspension & winding up of banking business.

9
Session - 2

Licensing & Management of Banks

Contents

1. Licensing Requirements for establishing a Bank

2. Branch Licensing

3. Capital Requirements

4. Tier I & Tier II Capital

5. Shareholding & Voting Rights

6. Board of Directors

11
Licensing Requirements

• Introduced under Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act. 1949

• All Banks in existence at that point in time were given six months to apply for licenses.
• Licensing was introduced to ensure continuance of only those Banks which were established
and operating on sound lines.

Banking License is granted by RBI after tests of entry are fulfilled.

• Will the company be able to repay its present & future depositors.
• Whether the company is being managed on sound & ethical lines..
• Will the proposed management be detrimental to the interest of depositors.
•Whether the company has enough capital structure and earning prospects & the source of
capital funding.
• What is the business mix & the geographical area to be serviced.
• In case of foreign companies
- whether Indian Banking companies are being discriminated in any way in the home
country of the foreign company seeking license in India.
- Consent of the home country regulator.

12
Branch Licensing

• Introduced under Section 23 of the Banking Regulation Act. 1949

• Branch or Place of Business includes any office where deposits are received, cheques
cashed or money’s lent. ATM’s are also treated as Branches
• License are granted mainly based on geographical coverage, economic viability and logistic
support available.
• Relocation, merger or closure of branches in urban areas needs only intimation to RBI.
• Closure of branches in rural areas requires specific permission from RBI.
• Opening of Branches at overseas locations requires specific RBI permission.
• Opening a temporary place of business for up to one month is exempt from RBI permission.

• Specific RBI permission is required for providing foreign exchange services from any Branch.
• Registration with SEBI is required for undertaking capital market activities.

• Bank branches are required to obtain license under the Shops & Establishment Act also
before commencing Branch operations.

13
 Capital Requirements

• Minimum Paid-Up Capital & Reserves Requirement

• For Banking Companies Incorporated in India
• Multi State Banks INR 500,000

• Multi State Bank with place of business in Mumbai and/or Calcutta INR 1,000,000
• Bank with operations in one state only but no place of business in INR 100,000
Mumbai or Calcutta
• Bank with operations in one state only but place of business in INR 500,000
Mumbai or Calcutta
• For Banking Companies Incorporated outside India
• No Place of business in Mumbai or Calcutta INR 1,500,000
• Place of business in Mumbai or Calcutta INR 2,000,000

• New Banks
• New Private Sector Banks INR 200 Crores
• Foreign Bank USD 50 Mn

• The authorised capital of each public sector Bank cannot be less than INR 1500 Crores

14
Tier I & Tier II Capital

• The actual capital requirement depends on the size of business.

• The present Capital Adequacy ratio is 8% comprising of Tier I & Tier II Capital

• Tier I Capital

• Paid-up capital, statutory reserves & other disclosed free reserves

• Capital reserves – arising out of sale of capital assets

• Tier II Capital

• Undisclosed reserves & preference shares

• Revaluation reserves – at a discount of 55%
• General Provisions & Loss Reserve – upto a maximum of 1.25% of RWA
• Hybrid Debt Capital Instruments – fixed maturity – does not trigger liquidation
• Subordinated Debts – unsecured – subordinated to the claims of other creditors – not
redeemable without RBI permission – only upto 50% of Tier I Capital – initial maturity
more that 5 years – remaining maturity more than 1 year.

15
Shareholding & Voting Rights

• Shareholding in Banks
• Banks are allowed to issue there shares to the Indian public without any ceiling.
• Foreign investors are allowed to hold only upto 10% of Paid–up capital in Indian
Commercial Banks.
• Shareholding by Banks
• Allowed to form subsidiaries with 100% holding, but only for
- Carrying on Banking Business
- Carrying on banking business exclusively outside India
• Allowed to hold shares in other companies subject to a maximum of
- 30% of paid up capital of the ‘other’ company
- 30% of its own paid up capital
• Holding of shares in any company where the Managing Director or Manger is
interested is prohibited.

• Voting Rights
• One vote for every share subject to maximum of 10% of total voting rights.
• One vote for every share holder in case of Co-operative Banks.
• No restriction applicable on voting rights of the Govt. of India in Public Sector Banks.
16
Board of Directors

Whole Time Directors

• A Whole Time Directors can hold office only for a period of 5 years at one time.
• This term can be extended for periods not exceeding 5 years on each occasions.
• Cannot be a director in any other company other than subsidiaries or companies created for
promotion of arts, commerce, charity.
• Cannot engage in any business and vocation.
• Are not entitled to any commission or share in profits of the Banking Company.
Part Time Directors
• Cannot hold office for consecutive periods exceeding 8 years.
• At least 51% of all Directors should have professional experience in fields like accountancy,
agriculture, rural economy, law etc.
• Of these 51%, At least two Directors should have specialized knowledge in agriculture, or small
scale industry or rural economy.
• None of these 51% Directors should be holding more than 10% in any company either singly or
jointly through family members.
• A person cannot be on the Board of two Banking companies simultaneously.
• A Banking company cannot have more than 3 persons on its Boards who are directors in other
companies who can jointly exercising more than 20% voting rights.
17
Session - 3

Regulations on Reserves & Priority Sector

Contents

1. Reserve Funds

2. Maintenance of Cash Reserves

3. Maintenance of Liquid Assets

4. Maintenance of Assets in India

5. Priority Sector Lending

19
Reserve Funds

• Reserve Funds are a means of regulating lending activity of Banks to ensure safety and
timely return of depositors money.

Banks Incorporated in India

• Every Banking Company incorporated in India has to create a reserve fund.

• Every year 20% of the profits before dividend payout is to be transferred to a reserve fund.
• Exemption can be given by RBI to Banks which have adequate paid-up capital & reserves in
relation to its deposit liabilities.
• For such exemptions, the balance already in the reserve fund and the share premium account
should be more than the paid-up capital.
• Any appropriation from reserve fund is to be reported to RBI within 21 days.

Foreign Banks
• Every year 20% of the profits is to be deposited with RBI.
• Exemption can be given by Central Govt. on RBI recommendation to Banks which have
adequate paid-up capital & reserves in relation to its deposit liabilities.

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Maintenance of Cash Reserves

• Every Scheduled Bank has to Maintain an average daily Cash Reserve with RBI.
• Also known as the Cash Reserve Ratio or CRR.
• At present the CRR to be maintained is 7.5% of the aggregate demand & time liabilities.
• The CRR can be increase by RBI upto 20% of the total demand & time liabilities.
• Liabilities for calculating CRR would not include borrowings from NABARD, RRB, RBI, EXIM
Bank & other banks except state co-op banks
• The Banks receive interest at the rate of 6% from RBI.

• No interest is payable on any excess CRR maintained with RBI..

• A return has to be submitted by all scheduled Banks to RBI within 7 days of each alternate Friday.
• .Penal interest of 3% to 5% above Bank rate is payable to RBI on any shortfall in CRR.

• Non Scheduled Banks need not maintain CRR at 30% of demand & time liabilities.

• The CRR need not be maintained with RBI, it can be with the Bank itself.
• A return needs to be filed with RBI before 20th of every month showing amount so held every
alternate Friday.
21
Maintenance of Liquid Assets

• Also known as Statutory Liquidity Ratio.

• Every Banking company has to maintain in India, 20% of daily demand & time liabilities
in liquid assets.
• Every Banking company has to maintain in India, 25% of daily demand & time liabilities
in India in liquid assets. This can be raised to 40% by RBI.

• Liquid assets includes Cash, Gold or unencumbered approved securities.

• Securities are valued at current market price.
• Balance maintained with RBI, SBI & other banks notified by central Govt. is treated as cash
maintained in India.

• CRR maintained with RBI is also treated a Cash maintained in India.

• Capital & reserves of Foreign Banks with RBI is also treated as Cash maintained in India.
• A monthly return within 20 days of the end of month is submitted to RBI showing amount so held
every alternate Friday.
• Penal interest of 3% to 5% above Bank rate is payable to RBI on any shortfall.

22
Maintenance of Assets in India

• Every Banking company has to maintain in India, assets worth 75% of demand & time
liabilities in India at the end of each quarter. .
• This is to ensure resources mobilised in India are largely invested in India.

• Liquid assets includes Cash, Gold or unencumbered approved securities.

• A return within 30 days of the end of the quarter is submitted to RBI showing amount so held.

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Priority Sector Lending

• Those sectors which should receive priority in lending over other sectors as they are
important for development of the basic needs of the country.
Priority sector includes
• Primary Sector – agriculture & allied activities.
• Secondary Sector – SSI’s, Cottage industries, tiny industries, Small scale service &
business enterprises.
• Tertiary Sector - small road & water supply operators, self employed & professionals,
education, housing, retail traders.
Banks incorporated in India
• 40% of all advances have to be made to the Priority Sector.
• 18% of all advances to priority sector should go to the agricultural sector.
• 12% of all advances to priority sector should go towards export finance.
• 10% of all advances to priority sector should go to weaker sections.

Foreign Banks
• 40% of all advances have to be made to the Priority Sector.
• 12% of all advances to priority sector should go towards SSI’s & export finance.
• Any shortfall towards lending to SSI’s can be invested in bonds issued by SIDBI.

24
Session – 4

Generic Client Groups & Products

Contents

1. Major Generic Client Groups & products

2. Fundamental Principles of Lending

3 Major Banking Products
- Working Capital Facilities
- Cash Credits / OD’s
- Bill Finance
- Term Loans
- Bank Guarantees
- Letter of Credits
- Fixed Income Products
- Money Market Instruments

26
 Major Generic Client Groups & Products

Personal Banking Business & Commercial Corporates & Institutions

• Savings / Deposit Accounts • Current Accounts Equity Capital Markets

• Loans • Cash Credits / Overdrafts • Corporate Broking
• Credit cards • Term Loans • Proprietary Trading
• Mortgages • Bill Finance • Derivative Products
• Retirement planning • Bank Guarantees • Mergers & Acquisitions
• Foreign Exchange • Letter of Credits • Equity Research
• Insurance • Money Market Instruments • Risk Advisory Services
• Broking & Online trading • Foreign Exchange Financial Markets
• Fixed Income
• Foreign Exchange
• Structured Funding
• FM Trading
Private Banking • Securitization

• Banking Services
• Investment advisory Transaction Banking
• Discretionary portfolio mgt
• Estate planning Private Equity
•Trust
Asset Management

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Fundamental Principles of Lending

• Since lending is one of the major activities of banks its fundamental principles are of utmost
importance.

Principles of Good Lending

• Safety - Since banks deal with money borrowed from depositors it has to be satisfied
that the advance is safe and will be recoverable in future.

• Liquidity - 70% of banks deposits are payable within a year. Hence lending should
ensure that money is not locked for a long period of time. It should be in line
with the repayment schedule.

• Profitability - Fair return on investment to cover administrative expenses and reasonable

profits is essential.

• Productive Purposes - Advances cannot be granted for non-productive or speculative purposes.

• Risk Diversification - Advances should be diversified across locations, industry, business houses
and borrowers.

• Security - Adequate security should be obtained against advances depending on the

risk perception. Against security adequate margin should also be kept.

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Credit Facilities
• Types of Credit facilities
- Fund based credit facilities
- Non Fund based credit facilities
customer
• Fund Based facilities include
- Cash Credits / Overdrafts
- Bill Finance
- Term Loans
• Non Fund Based facilities include
- Bank Guarantees
- Cash Credits
- Involves lending of money to the customer
- Does not involve lending of money to the
- A facility where a bank allows its customer to borrow upto a
certain limit on an account. The entire limit need not be drawn
by the borrower at once and can draw it as and when in need.
- Covered in the next slide(s)
- Facility granted to meet Capital Expenditure. The total amount
is granted at once and is repaid by the borrower over a long
period of time
- Covered in the next slide(s)
- Covered in the next slide(s)
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Bill Finance

• Bill Finance involves discounting or purchase of bills arising out of sale of goods.

• Bill Finance entitles the bank to the ownership of the instrument / bill.
• Bills can be clean or documentary. Clean Bills are not supported by documents of title to the
goods whereas Documentary Bills contain title to the goods.

Categories of Bill Finance

• Bills Purchased - Bills payable on demand negotiated by the bank.

• Bills Discounting - Bills payable after a period of time that is not on demand.

• Adv against Bills for Collection - Advance payment extended by banks against bills after keeping a
prescribed margin.

• Drawee Bills Acceptance - Bank makes payment against the bills to the drawer and is
reimbursed by the borrower with interest.

• Bills Co-acceptance facility - Bank accepts the bill along with the borrower thus undertaking
joint
liability for the payment to the drawer of the bill.

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Bank Guarantees

• It’s a guarantee given by a bank to a third party to pay him a certain amount on behalf of a
customer on the failure of the customer to fulfill any contractual obligation.
. Types of Bank Guarantees
- Financial Guarantee - issued as a proxy to Earnest Money Deposit requirements in
contractual works.
- Performance Guarantee - issued as a guarantee that the customer will perform as per the
conditions stipulated in in the contract.
- Deferred Payment Guarantee - issued as a guarantee towards payment of instalments over a
period of time
- Statutory Guarantees - issued to courts & other statutory bodies guaranteeing that the
customer will honour his commitments imposed under law

• Bank Guarantees are independent contract between the Bank & the Third Party and Bank’s
obligation to pay Primary i.e. not dependent any any dispute between the beneficiary & the
customer.
• Every Bank Guarantees has a stipulated financial liability and a fixed period of validity & claim period.

• Under the Law of limitation a beneficiary can enforce the claim against the Bank within 30 years if it
is a Govt. Dept or within 3 years in other cases.

31
Letter of Credits

• Used mostly in foreign trade for effecting payment by bankers on behalf of its customer to
suppliers of goods & services on production of documents as stipulated in the LC.

• Also known as documentary credit and is governed by Uniform Customs & Practice for Documentary
Credits (UCPDC-500) released by the International Chamber of Commerce.

• Advantages of an LC to the buyer ( Bank’s customer)

• Any advance payment required is made by the bank to the seller.
• Buyer of goods & services gets credit till the documents reaches his bankers.
• Usance bills are payable over a period of time giving additional credit to the buyer.
• The buyer can insist on quality inspection of goods before payment to supplier.

• Advantages of an LC to the seller ( Beneficiary of the LC)

• Payment is assured on complying with LC terms.
• Receives immediate payment in his country post shipment of goods.
• Seller need not bother about import regulations in buyers country.
• Seller need not bother about currency fluctuations. Contd….

32
Letter of Credits …. Contd.

• Partner Banks in LC’s

• Issuing Bank - The bank which opens the letter of credit
• Advising Bank - The bank in the sellers country through which the LC is advised to the seller
• Negotiating Bank - The bank in the sellers country which makes payment on the bills drawn by seller.
• Confirming Bank - The advising bank which besides advising the credit to the beneficiary also takes the
responsibility of payment to.
• Reimbursing Bank - The bank appointed by the issuing bank to make reimbursement to the Negotiating
or confirming Bank.

• Types of LC’s
Acceptance Credit - Immediate Payment on LC
Revocable - Can be cancelled without notice
With Recourse - Seller remains liable to its bank
for payment by the buyer/ bank.
Anticipatory LC – Preshipment advance allowed
Usance Bills - Payment over a agreed period of
time.
Irrevocable - No cancellation without sellers consent
Without Recourse – No Liability of the seller to its bank
for payment by buyer / bank.
Revolving LC – Continual LC for regular trade.

33
Fixed Income
• Fixed income refers to any type of investment that yields a regular or fixed return.
• Refers largely to Bonds, Debentures & Preferred Stocks.
Bonds
• A Bond is a debt security, in which the issuer owes the holders a debt and is obliged to repay the
principal and interest (coupon) on maturity .
Types of Bonds by issuer
• Sovereign/Government Bonds
• Agency Bonds / Municipal Bonds
• Corporate Bonds - Senior Debt & Subordinated Debt
Types of Bonds by payout
• Fixed Rate Bonds - have a coupon that remains constant throughout the life of the bond
• Floating Rate Bonds - have a coupon that is linked to a money market index
• Zero Coupon Bond - do not pay any interest but trade at a substantial discount from par value
• Inflation Index Bond - in which the principal amount is indexed to inflation
• Accrual Bond – fixed interest bond issued at face value and repaid at maturity with accrued interest
• Convertible Bond - can be converted into shares of issuing company at some pre-announced ratio
• High Yield Debt Bond - are bonds that are rated below investment grade but come with a high coupon
34
Contd….
 Fixed Income …,. Contd

Preferred Stock
• Preferred stocks are preference shares issued by companies.
• There is a preference over dividend payouts to these shareholders as compared to
Ordinary share holders.
• Often dividends not paid in any year is accumulated and paid when surplus is available.
• These may not always be referred as Fixed Income

Debentures
• A Debenture is a long-term debt instrument used by governments and large companies to obtain funds .
• It is similar to a Bond except that a debenture is usually unsecured in the sense that there are no
pledges on specific assets
• It is however secured by all properties not otherwise pledged
• In the case of bankruptcy debenture holders are considered as general creditors.

35
 Money Market Instruments

• Money market is the global financial market for short-term borrowing and lending typically upto 13
months.
• The money market consists of banks, financial institutions, trading companies, dealers in money or credit
• Is affected by liquidity / money supply in the market.
• The need to borrow money from the call money market arises due to short-term mismatches of funds.
• As a part of their operations, banks borrow money from their depositors and lend money to their
borrowers. In this process, banks’ assets and liabilities get locked into different maturity brackets.
Common Money Market Instruments
• Certificate of Deposits - A time deposit at a bank with a specific maturity date. It is generally insured
hence risk free.
• Commercial Paper - An unsecured promissory notes issued by corporates with a fixed maturity of
one to 270 days issued ; usually sold at a discount from face value.
• Inter-corporate Deposits - Unsecured loan issued by one corporate to another.
• Treasury Bills - Short-term debt obligations of a national government that are issued with
maturity of 3 to 12 months.
• Call Money - This market deals with overnight borrowing and lending among the banks.

36
Session – 5

New Age Banking Products

Contents

1. Derivatives

2. Foreign Exchange

3. Securitisation
4. Transaction Banking

5. Asset Management

38
Derivatives

• A product that is derived from the value of an underlying assets such as currency, commodities,
shares, bonds or any of the indices.
• These are contracts which aim to hedge against uncertain movements in prices of the underlying
assets.
• Derivatives could be Over the Counter (OTC) - i.e. made to order on specific requirements.
Exchanged Traded (ETC) - i.e. standardized products traded on exchanges
Types of Derivatives
• Forward Contracts - Is an OTC derivative involving fixation of rates in advance for deliveries in future.
- The seller agrees to deliver goods to the buyer on a future date at a fixed rate.
- The rate specified is known as forward rate and is at a premium or discount to
the spot rate.
- Since price is fixed today it eliminates risk of any adverse price movements.
- Delivery under forward contracts is essential.
- Margins are not necessary and are not marked to market every day.

• Futures - Is an ETC derivative involving an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a certain

price at certain time in future. Another version of Forward Contracts.
- Standardizes the minimum price movement for the contract.
- Delivery is not a must, the buyer and seller can set off at the current rate.
- Works on margin requirements and is marked to market every day.
Contd….

39
 Derivatives ……Contd.

• Options - Is an ETC derivative conveying the rights to buy or sell an agreed quantity, at an
agreed price without any obligation to do so.
- Involves a right to the option buyer to allow the option contract to lapse without
any obligation to buy or sell.
- The option buyer exercises this option on payment of a premium which is levied
upfront.
- The Option seller usually a bank or FI is under obligation to deliver the contract.
- Options conferring a right to buy at a fixed rate on or before a fixed date are
called Call Options.
- Options conferring a right to sell at a fixed rate on or before a fixed date are
called Put Options.

• Swaps - It is an OTC derivative involving Currency Swaps or Interest Rate Swaps only.
- Involves simultaneous sale and purchase of one currency or interest stream for
another.
- Currency Swaps involve exchange of pre-determined streams of payments in
different currencies on pre-determined dates, at pre-determined exchange
rates.
- Interest Rate Swaps involves exchange of different streams of interest structures

- There is no exchange of principal amounts.

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 Foreign Exchange

• The foreign exchange (currency or forex or FX) market exists wherever one currency is traded for another.
• Forex rate is the price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency
• It is by far the largest financial market in the world, and includes trading between large banks, central
banks, currency speculators, multinational companies, governments.
• It is a 24 hour OTC market and is currently is over USD 3 trillion in size.
• There is a high fluctuation in currency rates (every 4 seconds)
• Settlements are affected by time zone factors

Types of FX deals settlement

• Ready or Cash – Settlement of funds on the same day.
• Tom – settlement of funds on the next day
• Spot – settlement of funds on the second working day following the contract.
• Forward – settlement of funds any day beyond the Spot date
Due to the vastness of the market most Forex deals are done on SPOT basis

Contd…..
41
 Foreign Exchange ……Contd

Forward Margins – Premiums & Discounts

• If the forward rate of the currency is higher than the spot rate the currency is said to be at a premium
• If the forward rate of the currency is lower than the spot rate the currency is said to be at a discount

Fixed and Floating Rates

• Fixed rate is the official rate set by monetary authorities pegged to another currency. Fixed
exchange rates may be allowed to fluctuate within an upper and lower band.
• Floating rate is a function of demand and supply.

Direct Quotes and Indirect Quotes

• Under direct quotes local currency is variable i.e. 1 USD = 45 INR
• Under Indirect quotes currencies are quoted against USD ;currently GBP, EUR, AUD & NZD only.

Factors affecting Forex rates

• Interest Rate is the single biggest factor affecting exchange rates
• Movement of Capital to Emerging Markets
• Balance of payment positions
• Monetary controls
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 Securitisation

• Securitisation is the process of conversion of existing assets or future cash flows into marketable
securities.
• It deals with conversion of assets which are not marketable into marketable ones.
• The conversion of existing assets into marketable securities is known as asset-backed securitisation
• The conversion of future cash flows into marketable securities is known as future-flows securitisation.
• Some of the assets that can be securitised are loans like car loans, housing loans
• Some of the future cash flows that can be securitised are credit card payments, car rentals or any other
form of future receivables.
• Banks have a pool of assets where funds are locked.
• To free these blocked funds the assets are transferred by the originator to a Special Purpose Vehicle
(SPV)
•The SPV will act as an intermediary which divides the assets of the originator into marketable securities
• Only one type of asset (eg: auto loans) of similar maturity (eg: 20 to 24 months) will be bundled together for
creating the securitised instrument .
• These securities are issued by the SPV to investors and are known as pass-through-certificates (PTCs).
• The difference between rate of interest payable by the obligor and return promised to the investor investing
in PTCs is the servicing fee for the SPV
43
 Transaction Banking

• Transaction Banking is a global payments, products and services business

• Core products include Cash & Payment, Cards, and Trade.

Cash & Payments Cards Trade

• Direct Debit Systems • Card Transactions • Handles Document Flow

•Subscriber Collections • Collections • Payment handling for trade
•Chq & Cash Collections • Collection & advance remittances
•Electronic Payments
•Salary & Tax Payments

44
 Asset Management

• Asset Management is the management of the financial assets in order to maximize return

• Major objective of Asset Management is Long Term Returns and Risk Diversification.
• Forms of Asset Management

Portfolio Management Institutional Fund Mgt Mutual Funds

• Wealth Management • Pension Funds • Equity Funds
- Diversified
• Portfolio Management
- Mid Cap
- Sector Specific
- Tax Saving
• Debt Funds
- Gilt Funds
- Income Funds
- Liquid Funds
• Balanced Funds

• A mutual fund is a professionally-managed firm of collective investments that collects money from
many investors and invests it in stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and/or other securities.
• Investment Managers conduct an assessment of each client's individual needs and risk profile
before recommending appropriate investments.
45
Session – 6

New Age Banking Technology

New Age Banking Technology

Electronic Clearing & Payment Systems

• MICR Clearing system

- Stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition.
- Details of cheques are encoded with special magnetic ink
- Information on city, bank, branch, type of account & amount is captured

• OCR Clearing system

- Stands for Optic Character recognition
- Image of the cheque is captured and presented instead of physical cheque
- Used for low value high volume of cheques
• RTGS
- Stands for Real Time Gross Settlement
- A system through which electronic instructions can be given by banks to transfer funds from their
account to the account of another bank.
- The RTGS system is maintained and operated by the RBI
- Funds transfer between banks takes place on a ‘real time’ basis
- . Money reaches the beneficiary in 2 hours

Contd…..

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New Age Banking Technology ….Contd.

• SWIFT
- Stands for Society for Worldwide Inter Bank Financial Telecommunications
- SIWFT is a message transmission system wholly owned by its 200+ member banks
- All message formats standardised ; 400+ standardised formats are available
- SWIFT assumes financial liability for accuracy & timely delivery of all messages

• CHIPS
- Stands for Clearing House Inter Bank Payment System
- Is run by New York Clearing House for transfer of payments internationally
- Most international fund transfers happen through CHIPS as most international trade happens in USDs
- Settlement of payments carried through CHIPS is through Federal Reserve Bank
- Has direct interface with SWIFT system

• CHAPS
- Stands for Clearing House Automated Payment Systems
- Set up in the UK

• CHATS
- Stands for Clearing House Automated Transfer Systems
- Set up in Hong Kong

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Session – 7

Risk Management
Risk Management

• Risk Management is a structured approach to managing uncertainty through risk assessment, developing
strategies to manage it, and mitigation of risk.

Types of Banking Risks

- Credit Risk - Risk due to uncertainty in a counterparty’s ability to meet obligations
- Liquidity Risk - Risk of Banks inability to ensure availability of funds to meet commitments
- Market Risk - Is the risk that the value of an investment will decrease due to moves in market
factors. The four standard market risk factors are:
Equity Risk - the risk that stock prices will change.
Interest Rate Risk, - the risk that interest rates will change.
Currency Risk - or the risk that foreign exchange rates will change.
Commodity Risk - the risk that commodity prices will change.
- Operational Risk - Risk due to failure of internal processes, people or systems
- Reputational Risk - Risk arising from negative public opinion
- Legal Risk - Risk of non compliance with applicable laws
Contd….

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Risk Management …. Contd

BASEL II Framework for Risk Mitigation

• BASEL II as part of Basel Capital Accord is aimed at risk sensitive capital requirements.
• Takes into account Operational Risk of banks also.

Three Pillars of BASEL II Accord

• Minimum Capital Requirement
• Supervisory Review Process
• Market Discipline

Risk Weighted Assets & Capital Adequacy

• In terms of the minimum amount of capital that is required within banks and other institutions, based on a
percentage of the assets, weighted by risk.
• Risk-weighted assets is a move away from having a static requirement for capital. Instead, it is based on
the risks on a bank's assets.
• The Capital Adequacy Ratio is 8% of RWA

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