Classes A Deeper Look

Programming Concepts in C++
CT025-3-2
Classes A deeper look
Topic and structure of the lesson

preprocessor wrapper const objects and const member functions Composition: Objects as Members of classes friend functions and friend classes dynamic memory management with operators new and delete
CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)
Classes and Objects
Slide 2 (of 35)
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this session, you should be able to:
create, debug and run a simple C++ programs using the concept of preprocessor wrapper, constant member objects, functions,friend functions, friend classes, static class members
Classes and Objects
Slide 3 (of 35)
Key terms to be used

If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use the following terms correctly in your assignments and exams:
preprocessor wrapper constant member objects friend functions friend classes static class members
CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++) Classes and Objects Slide 4 (of 35)
Preprocessor wrapper
//Time.h #ifndef TIME_H preprocessor wrapper prevents multiple inclusions #define TIME_H of header file class Time { public: Time( ); void setTime(int, int, int); void printUniversal( ); void printStandard( ); private: int hour; int minute; int second; }; preprocessor wrapper #endif
Constant objects
keyword const used
to specify that an object is not modifiable any attempt to modify the object should result in compilation error const Time noon (12, 0, 0); declares a const object noon of class Time and initializes it to 12 noon
declaring variables and objects const can improve performance

Constant member functions

#ifndef TIME_H #define TIME_H class Time { public: Time (int = 0, int = 0, int = 0); void setTime (int, int, int); void setHour(int); void setMinute(int); void setMinute(int); //get functions normally declared const int getHour( ) const; int getMinute( ) const; int getSecond( ) const;

//print functions normally declared const void printUniversal( ) const; void printStandard( );
private: int hour; int minute; int second; }; #endif


int Time::getHour( ) const { return hour; } int Time::getMinute( ) const { return minute; } int Time::getSecond( ) const { return second; }
void Time::printUniversal( ) const { cout<<..........<<endl; }


#include Time.h void main( ) { Time wakeUp(6, 45, 0); const Time noon(12, 0 , 0); wakeUp.setHour(18); noon.setHour(12); wakeUp.getHour(); noon.getMinute( ); noon.printUniversal( ); noon.printStandard( ); }

C++ compilers disallow member function calls for const objects unless the member functions themselves are also declared const A constructor can still be used to initialize a const object even though it is a non constant member function
Classes and Objects
Slide 11 (of 35)
Composition: Objects as members of classes

#ifndef DATE_H #define DATE_H class Date { .. .. }; #endif

#ifndef EMPLOYEE_H #define EMPLOYEE_H #include Date.h class Employee { public: Employee(........const Date &, const Date &); private: const Date birthDate; const Date hireDate; }; #endif

#include<iostream> using namespace std; #include Employee.h #include Date.h Employee::Employee(........const Date &dateOfBirth, const Date &dateOfHire) : birthDate( dateOfBirth), hireDate(dateOfHire) { ..... }

#include<iostream> using namespace std; #include Employee.h void main( ) { Date birth(7, 24, 1949); Date hire(3, 12, 1988); Employee manager (Bob, Blue, birth, hire); ...... }
friend Functions and friend Classes

friend function
is defined outside that classs scope yet has the right to access non-public (and public) members of the class using this can enhance performance to declare a function as a friend of a class, precede the function prototype in the class definition with keyword friend friend void setX( Count &, int);
friend Functions and friend Classes

to declare all member functions of class ClassTwo as friends of class ClassOne place a declaration of the form friend class ClassTwo; in the definition of class ClassOne
Classes and Objects
Slide 17 (of 35)
Example of friend function

#include<iostream> using namespace std; class Count { friend void setX(Count &, int); public: Count( ) : x(0) { } //empty body void print( ) const { cout<<x<<endl; } private: int x; };
Classes and Objects
Slide 18 (of 35)
Example of friend function

void setX ( Count &c, int val) { c.x = val; } void main( ) { Count counter; cout<<Counter after instantiation :; counter.print( ); setX(counter, 8); cout<<Counter.x after call to setX friend function: counter.print( ); }
Example of attempting to modify a private member with a non friend function

#include<iostream> using namespace std; class Count { public: Count( ) : x(0) { } //empty body void print( ) const { cout<<x<<endl; } private: int x; };
Example of attempting to modify a private member with a non friend function

void cannotSetX ( Count &c, int val) { c.x = val; //cannot access private member in Count } void main( ) { Count counter; cannotSetX(counter, 3); //cannotSetX is not a friend }
Classes and Objects
Slide 21 (of 35)
Using the this pointer

this
is a C++ keyword a pointer through which an object has access to its own address is not part of the object itself is passed by the compiler as an implicit argument to each of the objects non-static member function
Classes and Objects
Slide 22 (of 35)

#include<iostream> using namespace std; class Test { public: Test(int = 0); void print( ) const; private: int x; }; Test::Test(int value) : x(value) { /*empty body*/
Classes and Objects
Slide 23 (of 35)

void Test::print( ) const { /*implicitly use the this pointer to access the member x*/ cout<< x= <<x; /*explicitly use the this pointer and the arrow operator to access the member x */ cout<<\n this->x = <<this->x; /*explicitly use the dereferenced this pointer and the dot operator to access the member x */ cout<<\n (*this).x = << (*this).x<<endl; } void main ( ) { Test testObject(12); testObject.print( );
Classes and Objects
Slide 24 (of 35)
Using the this pointer to enable cascaded function calls

Cascade member function calls; recall dot operator associates from left to right
Classes and Objects
Slide 25 (of 35)

Set functions return reference to Time object to enable cascaded member function calls
Classes and Objects
Slide 26 (of 35)

Return *this as reference to enable cascaded member function calls
Classes and Objects
Slide 27 (of 35)
Dynamic Memory Management

class Employee { ..... private: char firstName[25]; char lastName[25]; } class Employee1 { ..... private: char *firstName; char *lastName; }
Classes and Objects
Slide 28 (of 35)

allocation and deallocation of memory in a program for any built-in or user-defined typeis performed with operators
new delete
Classes and Objects
Slide 29 (of 35)

new
to dynamically allocate / reserve the exact amount of memory required to hold each name at execution time Time *timePtr; timePtr = new Time;
delete
to deallocate or release memory to return the memory to the free store delete timePtr;

can also provide initializer for newly created fundamental type double *ptr = new double (3.14159); Time *timePtr = new Time (12, 45, 0); how to initialize for array of objects? int *gradesArray = new int [10];
Classes and Objects
Slide 31 (of 35)

when allocating an array of objects dynamically
cannot pass arguments to each objects constructor
to delete dynamically allocated array

delete [ ] gradesArray
without [ ] only the first object in the array will receive the destructor call
Follow up Assignment
Create two classes. The first holds customer data
specifically, a customer number and zip code. The second, a class for cities, holds the city name, state and zip code.
Additionally, each class contains a constructor that takes

arguments to set the field values. Create a friend function that displays a customer number and the customers city name. Write a brief main( ) program to test the classes and the friend function.
Classes and Objects
Slide 33 (of 35)
Summary of key points

preprocessor wrapper const objects and const member functions Composition: Objects as Members of classes friend functions and friend classes dynamic memory management with operators new and delete
Classes and Objects
Slide 34 (of 35)
Highlight of next session

Inheritance Part 1
Understanding inheritance How to create a derived class Choosing the Class Access Specifier
Classes and Objects
Slide 35 (of 35)

Classes A Deeper Look

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Programming Concepts in C++

Classes A deeper look

Topic and structure of the lesson

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Classes and Objects

Slide 2 (of 35)

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Classes and Objects

Slide 3 (of 35)

Key terms to be used

declaring variables and objects const can improve performance

Constant member functions

Constant member functions

private: int hour; int minute; int second; }; #endif

Constant member functions

void Time::printUniversal( ) const { cout<<..........<<endl; }

Constant member functions

Constant member functions

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Classes and Objects

Slide 11 (of 35)

Composition: Objects as members of classes

Composition: Objects as members of classes

Composition: Objects as members of classes

Composition: Objects as members of classes

friend Functions and friend Classes

friend Functions and friend Classes

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Classes and Objects

Slide 17 (of 35)

Example of friend function

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Slide 18 (of 35)

Example of friend function

Example of attempting to modify a private member with a non friend function

Example of attempting to modify a private member with a non friend function

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Classes and Objects

Slide 21 (of 35)

Using the this pointer

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Classes and Objects

Slide 22 (of 35)

Using the this pointer

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Classes and Objects

Slide 23 (of 35)

Using the this pointer

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Classes and Objects

Slide 24 (of 35)

Using the this pointer to enable cascaded function calls

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Classes and Objects

Slide 25 (of 35)

Using the this pointer to enable cascaded function calls

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Classes and Objects

Slide 26 (of 35)

Using the this pointer to enable cascaded function calls

CT025-3-2-PCPP (Programming Concepts in C++)

Classes and Objects

Slide 27 (of 35)