Topics

 Transport systems
 functionally connect the organs of
exchange with the body cells
 Most invertebrates have a
gastrovascular cavity or a circulatory
system for internal support
 Vertebrate phylogeny
 reflected in adaptations of the
cardiovascular system
Topics

 Double circulation in mammals

depends on the anatomy and
pumping cycle of the heart
 Structural differences of arteries,
veins and capillaries correlate with
their different functions
 Physical laws governing the
movement of fluids through pipes
affect blood flow and pressure
Topics

 Transfer of substances between the

blood and the interstitial fluid across
the thin walls of capillaries
 Components of blood
 Cardiovascular diseases are the
leading cause of death in the United
States and other developed nations
Invertebrates
circulatory system
 Gastrovascular cavity
 Presence of 2-cell thick body wall
 Serves for digestion and circulation
 Both layers are bathed by fluid
 Inner layer- only exposed to food
Invertebrates
circulatory system
 Planarians and other flatworms
 Also have gastrovascular system
 Body shape ensures the efficient
transfer of food
Open vs Closed
Circulatory System
 Gastrovascular cavity
 Not suitable for animals with many cell
layers
 Open vs closed
 Overcomes the limits of diffusion
 Three basic components
 Circulatory fluid (blood)
 Tubes (blood vessels)
 Pumping organ (heart)
Blood pressure- motive force for fluid
movement
Open circulatory system

 No distinction between blood and

interstitial fluid
 hemolymph
 Sinuses- interconnected spaces that
surround organs
 Heart contraction
 Pumps hemolymph
 Heart relaxation
 Draws hemolymph through ostia
Closed Circulatory
System
 Blood
 Confined to vessels
 Blood is distinct from interstitial fluid
 Movement of materials
 Larger vessels to smaller vessels
 Exchange of materials is through
diffusion
Vertebrate Phylogeny is reflected in
adaptations of the cardiovascular system
• Cardiovascular system- presence of heart
and vessels

• Atrium- receives blood

• Ventricle- pumps blood
• Vessels
• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries
Vertebrate Phylogeny Is
Reflected in Adaptations of the
Cardiovascular System
 Venules
 Arterioles
 Capillary beds
 High metabolic rate- complex
cardiovascular system
 Low metabolic rate- less complex
Fish heart

 Two main chambers

 Gill circulation
 Systemic circulation
Frogs and Other
Amphibians
 Three-chambered heart
 Presence of forked artery
 Pulmocutaneous circulation
 Systemic circulation
 Double circulation-
 restores blood pressure
 Mixing of blood
 Reptiles
 Presence of ridge in the ventricle
Mammals, birds and
crocodilians
 Four-chambered heart
 Left side- oxygen-rich
 Right side- oxygen poor
 No mixing of blood

Double Circulation in Mammals Depends
on the Anatomy and Pumping Cycle of
the Heart
The Human Heart

 Cardiac cycle- complete pumping

and filling
 Systole- contraction
 Diastole- relaxation
 Cardiac output- vol of pumped blood
into systemic circuit per min
 Heart rate- no of beats per min
 Stroke volume- amount of blood pumped
per contraction
The Valves

 Atrioventricular (AV) valve

 Close due to ventricular pressure
 Semilunar valves
 Aorta
 Pulmonary artery
 Open due to ventricular pressure

 Heart murmur- hissing sound

 Pulse- rhythmic stretching of arteries
The Valves

 Lub dup sound

 Lub- recoil of blood against closed AV
valves
 Dup- recoil of blood against semilunar
valves
Maintaining the Heart’s
Rhythmic Beat
 Heartbeat- maintained by specialized
heart cell
 Sinoatrial (SA) node- sets rhythmic
beat
 Also called the pacemaker
 Found in the wall of right atrium,
superior vena cava
 Atrioventricular (AV) node- relay
point
 Found bet right atrium and right
Heart rate

 Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

 Record of impulse produced in the heart
Heart beat

 P wave
 Atrial contraction
 QRS complex
 Ventricular
contraction
 T wave
 Ventricular
recovery phase
Structural Differences of
Blood Vessels Correlate with
Their Different Functions
 Capillaries- lack two outer layers
 Arteries- thicker outer layers than
veins
 Veins- presence of valves
Movement of Fluid
Through Pipes
 Law of Continuity
Blood Pressure

 Blood Pressure- highest in arteries

during ventricular systole
 Hydrostatic Pressure
 Peripheral Resistance
 Impedance caused by arterioles
 Blood pressure is influenced by
different factors
 Nerves- slows, speed up
 Hormones
 Body temperature
 Exercise
 Gravity- large animals
Transfer of Substances
through Capillaries
 Two mechanisms that control blood
flow
 Contraction of smooth muscle
 Constricts the arteriole that decrease
blood flow
 Dilation increases blood flow
 Precapillary sphincters
 Control blood flow
Capillary exchange

 Takes place in the endothelial wall

 Maybe carried though bulk transport
(endocytosis and exocytosis)
 Diffusion (O2 and CO2)
 Diffusion or bulk flow through
intercellular clefts
Blood

 Plasma
 Cellular component
 RBC
 hemoglobin
 WBC
 Platelets