Why C++

Objectives

In this lesson, you will learn to:

• History of C++
• Features of C++
• Sample C++ program
• Data types
• Variables
• Conditional and looping statement h
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History of C++
• 1980:Bjarne Stroustrup of AT&T Bell Laboratories
added the concept of classes of C. The language
is called “C with classes”
• 1983: “C with classes” is called C++
• 1985:AT&T begins Commercial distribution of C++
• 1986:Cfront-apreprocessor that translates C++ to
C is widely available. The C++ Programming
Language by Stroustrup is published
• 1988: The first true C++ compiler becomes
available
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1989: Release 2.0 becomes widely available

1990:ANSI standardization of C++ begins. The
Annotated C++ Reference Manual by Stroustrup
is published

Features Inherited From C

• Built-in types (float,int, etc.), operators,
expressions.
• Syntax for pointers, arrays, structures, const, etc.
• Syntax for functions (C prototypes from C++).
• Syntax for decisions and control.

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Features Inherited From C (Contd…..)

• File organization: header (.h), source (.c, .cc, .C,

.cpp, .cxx, etc.).
• Preprocessor (but used less).
• External linkage model.
• Standard conversions (including narrowing).
• Efficiency: You pay only for what you use.

Features of C++

• Data Abstraction
• Reusability
• Reliability h
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Features Inherited From C++(contd…..)

• Extensibility
OOPS Concepts
• Class and Object
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism etc.
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A sample C++ program

#include<iostream.h> //preprocessor directive

int main() //main function
{ //Opening Bracket
//our program code goes here
cout<<“My First C++ Program”;
} //Closing Bracket

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• In the above program #include<iostream.h>

Is knows as preprocessor directive.
• The preprocessor directive attaches the code of the
header file to your program.( These files contain all
information that is required to make use of c++
libraries)
• int is a C++ language keyword. Keywords are
predefined names given special meaning within the
language. int represents a built-in integer data type.
(I have much more to say about data types in the
next section.)
• A function is an independent code sequence that
performs some computation. It consists of four
parts: thereturn type, the function name, the
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parameter list, and the function body. Let's briefly
look at each part in turn.
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• The return type of the function usually represents

the result of the computation. main() has an
integer return type. The value returned by main()
indicates whether our program is successful. By
convention, main() returns 0 to indicate success. A
nonzero return value indicates something went
wrong.
• The name of a function is chosen by the
programmer and ideally should give some sense
of what the function does.
• main is not a language keyword. The compilation
system that executes our C++ programs, however,
expects a main() function to be defined. If we h
forget to provide one, our program will not run.
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• The body of the function is enclosed in curly

braces ({}). It holds the code sequence that
provides the computation of the function. The
double forward slash (//) represents a comment, a
programmer's annotation on some aspect of the
code. It is intended for readers of the program and
is discarded during compilation. Everything
following the double forward slash to the end of
the line is treated as a comment.

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• To write to the user's terminal, we use a

predefined class object named cout .We direct the
data we wish cout to write using the output
operator <<.
Example : cout <<“Enter Your Name :”;
• To read input from the user's terminal, we use a
predefined class object named cin We use the >>
to direct cin to read data from the user's terminal
into an object of the appropriate type.
Example : cin>>cName ;

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Built In Data Types in C++

Data type Number of bytes on 32 bit Range
computer

char 1 -128 to 127

int 4 -231 to (231 )-1

float 4 6 Digits of precision

unsigned char 1 0 to (28)-1

unsigned int 4 0 to (232)-1

long int 4 -231 to 231 –1

unsigned long int 4 0 to (232)-1

short int 2 (215) to (215)-1

unsigned short int 2 0 to (216)-1

double 8 12 Digits of precision

long double

bool
12

1 h
16 Digits of precision

0 or 1

wchar_t 4 -231 to (231 )-1

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Defining Data Variables

Data Memory Size in value

Data Definition
Type Defined bytes Assigned
a 1 -
char a,c; char
c 1 -
char a='z'; char a 1 z
int count; int count 4 -
int a, a 4 -
int
count=10; count 4 10
float fnum; float fnum 4 -

float
fnum1,fnum2=99. fnum1 4 -

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float
62f; fnum2 4 99.62
fnum2=99.62f;

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Variables Naming Conventions in C++

• Variable name must not have embedded space or
symbols such as: ? ! @ # + - % ^ & * ( ) [ ] { } . , ; :
“ ‘ / and \. We can use underscore(_).
• Variable names are normally written in lowercase
letters and can have any number of characters.
• If a variable contains two or more worlds join the
world and begin each word an uppercase letter or
separate each world with a underscore.
• A variable name start with any letter or an
underscore but It can’t be a number(0-9).
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• Keywords can not be used as variable name.

• Example
address1 , employee_name , employeeName
• Invalid variable name
#phone, 1stName

Operators in C++
• Comparison operator like ==,!=,>,<,>=and <= are
present in C++.
• It has arithmetic operators like +,-,*, / and % .
• Logical operator supported by C++ are &&(and) , ||
(or) and !(not).
• Assignment operators =, +=, -=,*=,/= and %= is
supported by it. h
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Conditional statements in C++

• Like in c, C++ also has only three
conditional statement.
– Switch case
– If
– Ternary operator (?:)
• Iteration statements in C++
• It has all C looping ststments
– While
– Do while
– for
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if statement

if(contition)
{
// Executes if condition is true
}
else
{
// Executes if condition is false
}
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Nested if
if (condition)
{
if (condition)
{
//statements
}//close of inner if
else
{
//statements
}//close of inner else
} //close of outer if
else
{
//statements

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}//close of outer if

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Switch case
Switch (x)
{
case 1: cout<<“Option 1”;
break;
case 2: cout<<“Option 2”;
break;
case 3: cout<<“Option 3”;
break;
default : cout<<“Not a choice”;
}
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Ternary operator (?:)

cout<< (a >b)? a : b;

while loop
while (condition)
{
//statements
}
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do while

{
//statements
}while(expr);

for loop

for(initialzation_expr;test_expr;change_expr)
{
//statements
}
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Arrays
Arrays in c and c++ are same
Example:
char name[20];
char str[]=“Sandy”;
int amount[4]={4,5,7,2};
float sal[3]={2.4f,3.4f,2.4f};
These arrays can be accepted using for
loops as in c language.
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Exercise
• Write a program to find out the highest
and lowest values from given 20 input
from user.

• Accept a String from the user and print it

in reverse.

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Double Dimensional array

char arr[][5]={
“ant”,
“BUGS”
};
char arr[2][5]={
{‘a’,’n’,’t’,’\0’},
{‘B’,’U’,’G’,’S’,’\0’}
};

We can also use nested for loops to accept and

display the double dimensional arrys.
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Compilation of C++ program on linux

• Save program with extension .cc or .cpp

• Compile program as
$ g++ prog1.c
• Will produce a executable file a.out
• Now you can execute a.out to see output of
your program

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Creation of user libraries

Command
$g++ -c prog1.cc prog2.cc
Will generate prog1.o and prog2.o
Adding .o files to user library
$ar –r libuser.a prog1.o prog2.o
Using user libary
$g++ main.cc –L/home/user1 -luser

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