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Introduction to
Classless Routing
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Overview: Classful/Classless Routing
Network IP 192.168.187.0
Network Subnet Masks 255.255.255.252
255.255.255.0
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Overview: (Classful) IPv4 Addressing Limits
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Overview: (Classful) IPv4 Addressing Limits
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Overview: Scalability & Routing Tables
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1.1.1 What is VLSM and why is it used?
• VLSM allows:
• More than one subnet mask within the same NW
• Or . . . Multiple SNMasks with ONE IP Address
• Use of long mask on networks with few hosts
• Use of short mask on networks with many hosts
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1.1.1 What is VLSM and why is it used?
Classful routing protocols use one subnet mask for a single network
• Ex: 192.168.187.0, must use subnet mask 255.255.255.0
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1.1.2 A waste of space
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1.1.2 A waste of space
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1.1.2 A waste of space
FOSTER(config)#no ip subnet-zero
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1.1.3 When to use VLSM
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1.1.4 Calculating subnets with VLSM
Foster’s Fabulous
Films
• 2 routers
• 1 in Hollywood (100 hosts)
• 1 in Ravenna (50 hosts)
• 1 WAN link (2 needed)
• IP/NW Address: 192.16.10.0
• Class
Use C
the BIGGEST first:
100
50
2
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1.1.4 Calculating subnets with VLSM
Foster’s Fabulous
Films
• 2 routers
• 1 in Hollywood (100 hosts)
• 1 in Ravenna (50 hosts)
• 1 WAN link (2 needed)
• IP/NW Address: 192.16.10.0
• Class
Use C
the BIGGEST first:
100 /25
50 /26
2 /30
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1.1.4 Calculating subnets with VLSM
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1.1.5 Route Aggregation w/VLSM
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1.1.5 Route Aggregation w/VLSM
• Using CIDR and VLSM prevents address waste and promotes route
aggregation or summarization
• Without summarization, Internet would collapse
• Summarization reduces burden on upstream routers
• This process of summarization continues until entire network is
advertised as a single aggregate route
• Summarization is also called supernetting
• Possible if the routers of a network run a classless routing
protocol such as OSPF or EIGRP
• Consists of IP address and bit mask in routing updates
• The summary route uses prefix common to all addresses of
organization
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1.1.5 Route Aggregation w/VLSM
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1.1.6 Configuring VLSM
• (config)#interface serial1
• (config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.138 255.255.255.252
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1.2.1 RIP History
RIP v1:
• is an IGP that is classful
• was designed to work within moderate-sized AS
• is a distance vector routing protocol
• by default, broadcasts entire routing table every 30 seconds
• uses hop count as metric (16 max)
• is capable of load balancing 6 equal-cost paths (4 default)
• Does not send subnet mask information in its updates
• Is not able to support VLSM or CIDR
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1.2.1 RIP History
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1.2.2 RIP v2 Features
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1.2.3 Comparing RIP v1 & v2
RIP v1 RIP v2
Easy to configure Easy to configure
Supports classful routing Supports classless routing
No subnet info sent with routing updates Sends subnet mask with routing update
(considered a limitation of v1)
No authentication Provides for authentication
Uses hop count Uses hop count
16 hops as metric for infinite distance 16 hops as metric for infinite distance
Broadcasts routing table updates Multicasts updates 224.0.0.9
255.255.255.255
Does not support prefix routing (all Supports prefix routing (VLSM, different
devices in same network must use same subnet masks can be used in same
subnet mask) network)
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1.2.4 Configuring RIP v2
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1.2.5 Verifying RIP v2
• RIP updates table every 30 seconds
• If no update received in 180 seconds, route marked as down
• If no update after 240 seconds, removes from routing table entry
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1.2.6 Troubleshooting RIP v2
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1.2.7 Default Routes
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1.2.7 Default Routes
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1.2.7 Default Routes
Default NW
Used to:
1. Give packets that are not ID’d in the routing table a place to go
• Usually a router that connects to the Internet
2. Connect a router with a static default route
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