DENTAL RADIOLOGY

CHAPTER 7

1. DEFINITION AND PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS

ENERGY WAVES

EXTREMELY SHORT WAVELENGTHS

EXTREMELY SHORT WAVELENGTHS

PENETRATE MATTER AND PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM SURFACES

WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN 1895

NOBEL PRIZE 1ST PHYSIC 1901

HOW X-RAYS ARE GENERATED

X-RAY TUBE: 7 ELEMENTS:

1.CATHODE 2.FILEMENT 3.ANODE 4.FOCAL SPOT 5.COLLIMATOR 6.APERTURE 7. FILTER.

HOW X-RAYS ARE GENERATED

X-RAY TUBE: 7 ELEMENTS:
1.CATHODE 2.FILEMENT 3.ANODE 4.FOCAL SPOT 5.COLLIMATOR 6.APERTURE 7. FILTER.

CONTROL FACTORS IN X-RAY GENERATION

MILLIAMPERE CONTROL KILOVOLT POWER EXPOSURE TIME TARGET FILM DISTANCE TARGET OBJECT DISTANCE FILM SPEED.

CONTROL FACTORS IN X-RAY GENERATION

CONTROL FACTORS IN X-RAY GENERATION

FILM SPEED : A,B,C,D,E,F

TYPE OF X-RAY RADIATION

PRIMARY RADIATION SECONDARY RADIATION SCATTERED RADIATION STRAY RADIATION REMNANT RADIATION

2.PROPERTY OF ROENTGEN RAYS

IONIZING RADIATION

2.PROPERTY OF ROENTGEN RAYS

SENTIVITY CUMULATIVE EFFECT MUTATION EFFECT

2.PROPERTY OF ROENTGEN RAYS

TYPE OF EXPOSURE: -ACUTE RADIATION EXPOSURE -CHRONIC RADIATION EXPOSURE

CHUONG 12-13

3.RADIATION PROTECTION.
ALARA MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOSE ROENTGEN RAD REM ERYTHEMA

3.RADIATION PROTECTION
SAFETY PRECAUTION ITEMS: 1.DOSEMETER 2.LEAD APRON 3.LEAD BARRIERS 4.PHANTOM

4.COMPOSITION,TYPES,AND QUALITIES OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

PERIAPICAL FILM PACKET:

4.COMPOSITION,TYPES,AND QUALITIES OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

BITEWING FILM PACKET

4.COMPOSITION,TYPES,AND QUALITIES OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

OCCLUSAL FILM PACKET

4.COMPOSITION,TYPES,AND QUALITIES OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

EXTRAORAL FILM CEPHALOMETRIC CEPHALOSTAT PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPH INTENSIFYING SCREEN

4.COMPOSITION,TYPES,AND QUALITIES OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

4.COMPOSITION,TYPES,AND QUALITIES OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPH

4.COMPOSITION,TYPES,AND QUALITIES OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

DIAGNOSTIC QUALITIES FOR DENTAL RADIOGRAPH : 1. CONTRAST 2. DENSITY

3. DETAIL.
4. DEFINITION.

5. RADIOLUCENT.
6. RADIOPAQUE.

4.COMPOSITION,TYPES,AND QUALITIES OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

2.DENSITY

COMPOSITION,TYPES,AND QUALITIES OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

DETAIL DEFINITION-SHARPNESS-PENUMBRA

COMPOSITION,TYPES,AND QUALITIES OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

RADIOPAQUE / RADIOLUCENT

5.TECHNIQUE FOR EXPOSURE OF RADIOGRAPHS

PARALELLING TECHNIQUE BISECTING ANGLE TECHNIQUE

5.TECHNIQUE FOR EXPOSURE OF RADIOGRAPHS

5.TECHNIQUE FOR EXPOSURE OF RADIOGRAPHS

CCD : CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE DIGITAL SENSOR EXPOSURE

5.TECHNIQUE FOR EXPOSURE OF RADIOGRAPHS

POSITIONING TERM FOR X-RAY EXPOSURE: 1. SAGITTAL PLANE 2. ALA-TRAGUS LINE 3. HORIZONTAL ANGULATION 4. VERTICAL ANGULATION 5. NEGATIVE ANGULATION. 6. POSITIVE ANGULATION. 7. ZERO ANGULATION.

5.TECHNIQUE FOR EXPOSURE OF RADIOGRAPHS

SAGITTAL PLANE. ALA TRAGUS LINE

VERTICAL ANGULATION NEGATIVE ANGULATION

5.TECHNIQUE FOR EXPOSURE OF RADIOGRAPHS

HORIZONTAL ANGULATION

5.TECHNIQUE FOR EXPOSURE OF RADIOGRAPHS

POSITIONING DEVICES

5.TECHNIQUE FOR EXPOSURE OF RADIOGRAPHS

X-RAY SURVEYS: FULL MOUTH SURVEY,BITEWING SURVEY,EDENTULOUS SURVEY

6.RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING

SURVEY, DEVELOPING REPLENISHER SOLUTION UNDERDEVELOPING OVERDEVELOPING RINSING FIXING HYPOSULFITE OF SODIUM DRYING SAFELIGHT DUPLICATING RADIOGRAPH

6.RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING

7.MOUNTING RADIOGRAPH

HORIZONTAL WINDOW BITEWING WINDOW

VERTICAL WINDOW IDENTIFICATION DOT

7.MOUNTING RADIOGRAPH

7.MOUNTING RADIOGRAPH

7.MOUNTING RADIOGRAPH
IDENTIFICATION DOT

8.ASSORTED RADIOGRAPHIC ERRORS

FORESHORTENING OVERLAPPING RETICUTION HERRING BONE EFFECT

ELONGATION CONE CUTTING FOG

8.ASSORTED RADIOGRAPHIC ERRORS

Acute radiation exposure radiation resulting from a massive short-term ionizing dose, such as in an accidental exposure or explosion of radiation material. Nhim x cp. ala-tragus line imaginary line from the ala (wing) of the nose to the ear meatus (center of ear). ng cnh mi-np tai (mt phng Camper) anode (AN-ode) positive pole in X-ray tube that serves as the target for electron force. Cc dng. aperture (AP-er-chur) opening or port in the lead collimator disc that regulates the beam size.Khud chum tia x. apical (AY-pee-kal) pertaining to the apex of the tooth. Quanh chop bisecting angle technique method where central X-ray beam is directed perpendicularly at an imaginary line which is bisecting the angle between the film placement and tooth surface. k thut phan giac bite block device used to hold radiation film in the mouth for radiation film exposure. bitewing film exposure X-ray of crowns of the maxillary and mandibular teeth while in occlusion. bitewing survey X-ray scan of teeth and their interproximal areas (BWX) bitewing window area or designated space in X-ray mouth for placement of processed fill. cathode (KATH - code) negative pole in an X-ray tube which serves as electron source.

cathode (KATH - code) negative pole in an X-ray tube which serves as electron source. cephalometric (sef-ah-low-MEH-trick) pertaining to the head; in X-ray, a cephalometric film is a view of the entire head. cephalometric film- large-sized radiographic film for exposure of head. cephalostat (SEF-ah-loh-stat)-used to stabilize a patients head in position during X-ray. Collimator (kall-ah-MAY-tor) device used to regulate the exit beam from an X-ray tube. cone cutting placement error in X-ray exposure resulting in an incomplete film exposure. contrast variations in shade from black to white. definition sharpness and clarity of the outline of the image on the radiograph. density film blackening resulting from percentage of radiation transmitted through the film. diaphragm (DYE-ah-fram) layer over disc end of stethoscope; enlarges, amplifies pulse sounds. digital sensor exposure radiographic exposure of a sensor rod placed in the oral cavity, which is transmitted to a computer monitor for viewing and recording.

dosimeter (DOH0-sim-eh-ter) device to measure the amount of stray or secondary X-ray exposure. duplication of films process to duplicate or make a copy of a radiographic film. elongation (ee-lon-GAY-shun) radiographic placement error resulting in an extended length of the tooth image. Ability of a metal to stretch before permanent deformation begins. emulsion mixture of two liquids not mutually soluble. exposure time time or duration of the interval that the electric current will pass through the X-ray tube. filament (FILL-ah-ment)-tungsten coil in the cathode focusing cup to generate the electrons. film holding instrument device used to hold radiographic film in place during exposure. film safe container- lead- lined container used to hold X-ray film before or after exposure. film speed comparison rate of exposure time needed by the film for proper exposure. filter aluminum disc placed between the collimeter attachment and the exit spot to filter X-rays. fixing a chemical process of making a radiographic image permanent

focal spot target or area where the x-radiation beam is projected. fog clouded, darkened, or blemished X-ray film results; caused by7 multiple of factors. Foreshortening radiographic placement error resulting in shortened tooth image on film surface. full-mouth survey multiple exposures of radiographs resulting in a view of entire area (FMX). heterogeneous (het-er-oh-JEE-nee-us) transplant of a tooth from one species to another. homogeneous (hoh-moh-JEE-nee-us) same or alike; uniform mixture. horizontal angulation direction of the central X-ray beam is placed perpendicular to the film. horizontal window a placement in an X-ray mount, usually or the posterior tooth exposures. kilovolt (KIL-oh-volt) power one thousand volt unit in radiation (kVp). lamina dura (LAM-ah-na DUR ah) membrane covering or lining of tooth area. maximum permissible dose (MPD) maximum X-ray exposure permissible for an occupationally exposed person. milliampere (will-ee-AM-per) control one-thousandth of an ampere (electric current); mA.

mutation effect abnormal growth or development due to radiation causing a genetic change. periapical (pear-ee-APE-ee-kal) area around the apex of a tooth. periapical film commonly used radiographic film used to exposure intraorally. periradicular (pear-ree-rah-DICK- kyou-lar) around the root area; a cyst around the root apex. positive angulation angle achieved by positioning the PID downward for a plus radiation angle. primary radiation the desired radiation during an X-ray exposure; radiation from the primary beam. R (Roentgen) the basic unit of X-ray exposure; the international unit is the coulomb per kilogram (C/kg). rad (radiation absorbed dose) international unit is gray (Gy), calculated as equal to 100 ergs (energy units) per gram of tissue. radiant energy energy which is given off from a central source. radicular (rah-DICK-kyou-lar) area near the tooth root; site of root tip cysts. radiographic unit X-ray device; may be single unit or have multiple heads with a single control board. radiolucent (ray-dee-oh-LOO-sent)- radiograph that appears dark or the ability of a substance to permit passage of X-raydiation to permit exposure of the film.

remnant radiation radiation rays that reach the film target after passing through the subject. replenisher solution superconcentrated chemical solution added to tank to restore fluid level. rinsing-in radiation, the water baths immersions between chemical exposures and final water bath : ra nc. safelight device used to illuminate in a processing darkroom.: n an ton. sagittal (SAJ-eh-tal) plane- in radiation, an imaginary vertical line bisecting the face: mt phng dc gia. scattered radiation radiation which is deflected from its path.: Tan x stray radiation radiation other than the useful beam; also called leakage radiation.: Tia tht thot. vertical angulation direction of the central X-ray beam moving in an up or down position.Goc d ng. vertical window placement position in a radiograph mount used for anterior films.: o phim ng trn khung ALARA as low as reasonably achievable qui lut nhim tia ti thieu DR digital radiography: chp tia x s. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration