MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING OF PV CELL WITH DC-DC INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER USING P&O ALGORITHM

By

A.Janardhan(09259) G.V.Kishore(09258) Arjun Venugopalan(092105)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. A. Kirubakaran
Asst. Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal

1.INTRODUCTION
The need of DC-DC converter is increasing as renewable power generations such as photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, fuel cell etc. need to provide fixed output irrespective of changes in input voltages. Major issue of concern in these converters is the large size of the storage capacitor on the dc link. One-way of reducing the storage requirement is increasing the switching frequency, however this is not practicable in all instances. This can be overcomed by using poly-phase operation with appropriate phase shift in the control circuit .

2.BOOST CONVERTER
In Boost converter, the average output voltage is higher than the input or source voltage.

Modes of Conduction in Boost converter: 1. Continuous conduction mode 2. Discontinuous conduction mode

 Design of Boost converter: 1. Output voltage ripple:

2. Voltage Gain:

Considering the parasitic resistance of Inductor

 Input Current:

Input current Ripple:

3.SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Vi=10; Vo=20; Po=20; Fs=10 kHz; deli=0.2; delv=0.01; D=1-Vi/Vo= 0.5; Ts=1/Fs= 0.1 ms; R=Vo^2/Po= 20 ohm; L=D*(1-D)^2*R*Ts/deli=1.3 mH; C=D*Ts/(R*delv)= 50 uF;

4.SIMULATION & RESULTS

1. Open Loop Boost Converter:

Input Current Ripple

Output Voltage Ripple

2.

Closed Loop Boost Converter:

Input Current Ripple

Output Voltage Ripple

5.INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER

It is just two Boost converters operating in parallel, such that either of the converter, feeds the load at any instant of time.

 Operation of IBC: The operation of two phase interleaved boost converter is when the device S1 is turned ON, the current in the inductor iL1 increases linearly. During this period energy is stored in the inductor L1. When S1 is turned OFF, diode D1 conducts and the stored energy in the inductor ramps down with a slope based on the difference between the input and output voltage. Design Considerations of IBC: The interleaved boost converter design involves the selection of the number of phases, the inductors, the output capacitor, the power switches and the output diodes.

1. Choosing the number of phases: The ripple content reduces to 12% compared to that of conventional Boost converter. If the number of the phases is increased further, without much decrease in the ripple content, the complexity of the circuit increases very much, thereby increasing the cost of implementation. 2. Selection of duty ratio: For two phase interleaved boost converter, the ripple is minimum at duty ratio, D = 0.45. Hence, the design value of the duty ration is chosen as 0.5.

3. Selection of capacitance and inductance: The selection of capacitance and inductance is done using the formula C = VoDF/RVo L = VsD/iLF

6.ADVANTAGES OF INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER

Output capacitor is rated for lower ripple current and higher ripple frequency. Source current has higher ripple and at higher frequency. Another no obvious advantage is that the poly-phase converter may be operated with less number of stages when the load current is low. This will lead to operation under CCM at light load as well as better efficiency. Higher efficiency is realized by splitting the output current into n paths, substantially reducing IR losses and inductor losses.

7.SIMULATION RESULTS
1. Open loop IBC:

Input Current ripple

Output Voltage Ripple

2. Closed Loop IBC:

Input Current Ripple:

Output Ripple Voltage

8.PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
The development of new energy sources is continuously enhanced because of the critical situation of the chemical industrial fuels such as oil, gas and others. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly to electricity. Typically, a PV cell generates a voltage around 0.5 to 0.8 volts depending on the semiconductor and the built-up technology. This voltage is low enough as it cannot be of use. Therefore, to get benefit from this technology, tens of PV cells (involving 36 to 72 cells) are connected in series to form a PV module. These modules can be interconnected in series and/or parallel to form a PV panel.

 PV Cell Model: The equivalent model of PV cell can be represented by a current source, a diode, a series resistance and a shunt resistance.

 The current to the load can be given as:

where Iph is the photocurrent, Is is the reverse saturation current of the diode, q is the electron charge, V is the voltage across the diode, K is the Boltzmann's constant, T is the junction temperature, N is the ideality factor of the diode.

 Effects of Solar Radiation Variation:

The effect of solar cell radiation is given by

where Ki=0.0017 A/C is the cell's short circuit current temperature coefficient , is the solar radiation (W/m2).

 Effect of Varying Cell Temperature:

The effect of solar cell variation is given by

Where Is is the diode reverse saturation current, Tnom is the nominal temperature, Eg is the band gap energy of the semiconductor, Vt is the thermal voltage.

 Effect of Varying Rs: The effect of varying Rs is given by

9.COMPARISON OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE AND INPUT CURRENT RIPPLES FOR BOOST AND INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER

10.MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

MPPT is a power electronic device interconnecting a PV power source and a load, maximizes the power output from a PV module or array with varying operating conditions, and therefore maximizes the system efficiency. MPPT is made up with a switch-mode DC-DC converter and a controller. On the I-V curve of PV cell, there is a unique point near the knee of the I-V curve, called a maximum power point (MPP), at which the module operates with the maximum efficiency and produces the maximum output power.

 The amount of power produced by the PV module varies greatly depending on its operating condition. It is important to operate the system at the MPP of PV module in order to exploit the maximum power from the module. The two algorithms that help in tracking the MPP are, 1.Perturb & observe algorithm 2.Incremental conductance algorithm.

1.

Perturb & observe algorithm: This method is also called as Hill climbing method in which in which the operating voltage is perturbed by a small amount and the resulting change of power P is observed. If it is +ve then the operating point is close to MPP and vice versa. The detailed process of finding the MPP is given by the flow chart mentioned below:

MPPT tracking with variation in temperature

MPP Tracking with P&O Algorithm with Variation in Irradiance

 Limitations of P & O Algorithm: 1.It cannot determine when it has actually reached the MPP. 2.It has been shown that it can exhibit erratic behavior incase of rapidly changing atmospheric conditions.

2. Incremental Conductance Algorithm: It is based on the basic idea that, the slope of P-V curve becomes zero at the MPP. It is also possible to find a relative location of the operating point to the MPP by looking at the slopes.

The step by step operation of the Algorithm is given by the flow chart mentioned below

Flowchart of incremental conductance algorithm

MPP Tracking with INC cond. Algorithm with variation in Irradiance

MPP Tracking with INC Cond. Algorithm with Variation of Temperature

11.MPPT USING INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER

Here, Interleaved Boost Converter is used as MPPT Controller. Depending on the variation in temperature and Insolation, the duty ratio of IBC is varied so that maximum power is transferred to the load. Irrespective of the load connected, the MPPT Algorithm tracks, the maximum power point.

 MPPT for different loads:

Voltage & Current Values at MPP for R=10

Voltage & Current Values at MPP for R=20

MPPT Behaviour at Sudden Load Change for irradiation at 1000 w/m2

 MPPT for different Insolations: For W=1000 W/m^2:

1.For R=10 ohm Upper Curve= Power; Lower Curve= Output Voltage

2.For R=20 ohm Upper Curve= Power; Lower Curve= Output Voltage

 For W=800W/m^2:

1.For R=10 ohm Upper Curve= Power; Lower Curve= Output Voltage

For R=20 ohm Upper Curve= Power; Lower Curve= Output Voltage

12.CONCLUSIONS
In this thesis, the principle and operation of interleaved boost converter and the various design parameters have been presented. A detailed study of mathematical modeling of photovoltaic cell is presented. The PV array has been mathematically modeled with both P&O algorithm and Incremental conduction algorithm methods.

13.REFERENCES
1. Research of an interleaved boost converter with four interleaved boost convert cells Chen Chunliu,Wang Chenghua,Hong Feng Microelectronics & Electronics, IEEE CONFERENCE-2009. 2. 1 KW Dual Interleaved Boost Converter for Low Voltage Applications Van der Broeck, H. ; Tezcan, I. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2006. 3. A simple and efficient implementation of interleaved boost converter Coruh, N.Urgun, S.Erfidan, T.Ozturk Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2011 6th IEEE Conference. 4. Design and analysis of Interleaved Boost Converter for renewable energy source Rahavi J.S.A.,Kanagapriya, T.Seyezhai, R. Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies (ICCEET), 2012 International Conference .

5. Research on MPPT control of PV system based on PSO algorithm Ze Cheng ; Hang Zhou ; Hongzhi Yang Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), 2010. 6. Development of novel MPPT algorithm of PV system considering radiation variation Jung-Woo Baek ; Jae-Sub Ko ; Jung-Sik Choi ; Sung-Jun Kang ; Dong-Hwa Chung Control Automation and Systems (ICCAS), 2010 International Conference 7. Perturb and observe MPPT algorithm for solar PV systems-modeling and simulation Nedumgatt, J.J.Jayakrishnan, K.B.Umashankar, S.Vijayakumar, D. Kothari, D.P. India Conference (INDICON), 2011 Annual IEEE 8. A MATLAB-Simulink-Based PV Module Model and Its Application Under Conditions of Nonuniform Irradiance Kun Ding ; XinGao Bian ; HaiHao Liu ; Tao Peng Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions-2012 9. Output Characteristics of PV Array under Different Insolation and Temperature Wang Xueting; Liang Hui Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), 2012.