Statics of Particles

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 1
2.0 Statics of Particles
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 2
Forces on a Particle

30
o
Line of Action
Point of Application
A
direction
magnitude
Since the vector has a well defined point of application, it is a
fixed vector, therefore can not be moved without modifications
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 3
Properties of Vector Addition
Q
P
P+Q=Q+P

Commutative
A
P
Q
Q
P
A
A
Associative
A
P
Q
S
A
Q
P+Q+S=(P+Q)+S=P+(Q+S)

P
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Dr. Engin Akta 4
Resultant of several concurrent
forces
Q
P
S
Using polygon rule
A
A
P
Q
S
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Dr. Engin Akta 5
Resolution of a force into
components
A
F
P
Q
A
F
P
Q
A
F
Q
P
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Dr. Engin Akta 6
A
P
Q
R
o
Example (Beer & Johnston)
R
B
Q
A sin sin
=
25
o
20
o
Q=60 N
P=40 N
A
The two forces P and Q act on a bolt A. Determine
their resultant.
20
o
25
o
180-25=155
o
R
2
=P
2
+Q
2
-2PQcosB
B
R
2
=(40N)
2
+(60N)
2
-2(40N)(60N)cos155
0
R=97.73 N
Law of cosines
Law of sines
( )
N
N
R
B Q
A
73 . 97
155 sin 60 sin
sin
= =
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 7
Example (cntd.)
R
B
Q
A sin sin
=
Law of sines
( )
N
N
R
B Q
A
73 . 97
155 sin 60 sin
sin
= =
A=15.04
o
o=20
o
+A=35.04
o

The answer is
R=97.7 kN
o=35.0
o

16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 8
Example (Beer and Johnston)
=
105 sin
25
30 sin 45 sin
2 1
kN T T
B
A
C
1
2
30
o
45
o
A barge is pulled by two tugboats. If
the resultant of the forces exerted
by tugboats is a 25 kN force
directed along the axis of barge,
determine the tension in each of the
ropes.
R=25 kN
45
o

30
o

T
2

T
1

105
o

Using law of sines
kN
kN
T 30 . 18
105 sin
45 sin 25
1
=
=
kN
kN
T 94 . 12
105 sin
30 sin 25
2
=
=
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 9
Rectangular Components
F
x
y
u
F
x
F
y
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Dr. Engin Akta 10
F
y
u
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Dr. Engin Akta 11
Unit Vectors
x
y
i
j
Magnitude=1
F
F
x
=F
x
i

F
y
=F
y
j

16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 12
x
y
x
y
F
F
F
F
1
tan tan
= = u u
= =
0 . 65
5 . 3
5 . 7
tan
1
kN
kN
u
F=(3.5 kN)i+(7.5kN)j
A
u
Determine the magnitude of the force and angle u.
A
x
y
F
x
=3.5 kN

F
y
=
7
.
5

k
N

F
u
kN
kN
F
F
y
28 . 8
0 . 65 sin
5 . 7
sin
=
= =
u
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 13
Addition of Forces by Summing x and y
components
A
x
y
F
1
=150 N
30
o

F
2
=80 N
20
o

F
3
=110 N
F
4
=100 N
15
o

Determine the resultant of the
forces on the bolt
F
2
cos 20
o

-(F
2
sin 20
o
)
-F
3

F
1
sin 30
o

F
1
cos 30
o

F
4
cos 15
o

-(F
4
sin 15
o
)
Forces Magnitude, N x Component, N y Component, N
F
1
150 +129.9 +75.0
F
2
80
-27.4 +75.2
F
3
110
0 -110.0
F
4
100
+96.6 -25.9
R
x
=199.1
R
y
=+14.3
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 14
Example (cntd)
R=R
x
i+R
y
j
R=(199.1N)i+(14.30N)j
R
o
R
x
=199.1 N
R
y
=14.30 N
= = =

10 . 4
1 . 199
30 . 14
tan tan
1 1
N
N
R
R
x
y
o
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Dr. Engin Akta 15
Equilibrium of a Particle
When the resultant of all the forces acting on a particle is
zero, the particle is in equilibrium.
x
y
A
F
1
=300 N
F
2
=173.2 N
F
3
=200 N
F
4
=400 N
F
1
=300 N
F
2
=173.2 N
F
3
=200 N
F
4
=400 N
R=EF=0
(EF
x
)i+ (EF
y
)j=0
EF
x
=0 EF
y
=0
EF
x
=300 N -(200 N) sin30
o
-(400 N) sin 30
o
=300 N -100 N -200 N = 0

EF
y
=-173.2 N -(200 N) cos30
o
+ (400 N) cos 30
o
=-173.2 N -173.2 N +346.4 N = 0

30
o

30
o

16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 16
Free-Body Diagram
A sketch showing the physical conditions of the problem is known as space
diagram.
Choose a significant particle and draw a separate diagram showing that
particle and forces on it. This is the Free-Body diagram.
A
B
C
50
o

30
o

Space Diagram
T
AC
30
o

50
o

T
AB
736 N

60
o

80
o

40
o

736 N

Free-Body Diagram
T
AC

T
AB

Using law of sines
=
80 sin
736
40 sin 60 sin
AC AB
T T
T
AB
=647 N
T
AC
=480 N
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 17
Analytical Solution
Two unknowns T
AB
and T
AC
Equilibrium Equations
EF
x
=0 and EF
y
=0
The system of equations then

0 30 cos 50 cos 0 = =
AC AB x
T T F
0 736 30 sin 50 sin 0 = + = N T T F
AC AB y
Solving the above system (2 unknowns 2 equations)
T
AB
=647 N
T
AC
=480 N
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Dr. Engin Akta 18
Sumary of Solution techniques
equilibrium under three forces
may use force triangle rule
equilibrium under more than three forces
may use force polygon rule
If analytical solution is desired
may use equations of equilibrium
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 19
E
B C
A
60
o

20
o

Flow
As a part of the design of a new sailboat, it is desired to
determine the drag force which may be expected at a given
speed. To do so, a model of the proposed hull is placed in a
test channel and three cables are used to keep its bow on
the centerline of the channel. Dynamometer reading
indicate that for a given speed, the tension is 200 N in cable
AB and 300 N in cable AE. Determine the drag force
exerted on the hull and the tension in cable AC.
Unknowns; F
D
, T
AC

Start with drawing Free-Body Diagram
T
AE
=300 N
T
AB
=200 N
F
D

T
AC

60
o

20
o

Equilibrium condition
Resultant of the all forces should be zero
R=T
AB
+T
AC
+T
AE
+F
D
=0
Lets write all the forces in x and y components
T
AB
=-(200 N) sin 60
o
i+(200 N) cos 60
o
j
T
AB
=-173.2 i+100 j
T
AC
= (T
AC
) sin 20
o
i+(T
AC
) cos 20
o
j
T
AC
= 0.342(T
AC
) i+0.9397(T
AC
) j
T
AE
=-(300 N) j
F
D
=F
D
i
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 20
Example (cntd.)
R=T
AB
+T
AC
+T
AE
+F
D
=0
R=(-173.2 N)i + 100 N j + 0.342(T
AC
) i + 0.9397 (T
AC
) j + (-300 N) j + F
D
i =0
R={-173.2 + 0.342(T
AC
) + F
D
} i + {100 + 0.9397 (T
AC
) + (-300 N)} j = 0
-173.2 N + 0.342(T
AC
) + F
D
= 0
EF
x
=0
EF
y
=0
100 + 0.9397 (T
AC
) + (-300 N) = 0
T
AC
=213 N
F
D
=100 N
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 21
Forces
in
Space
x
y
z
V
V
z
k
k
j
i V
x
i
V
y
j
u
x
u
y
u
z
V=V
x
i+V
y
j+V
z
k
V
x
=V cos u
x
V
y
=V cos u
y
V
z
=V cos u
z
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 22
Direction cosines
l = cos u
x
m = cos u
y
n = cos u
z
V
x
=l V

V
y
=mV

V
z
=nV

V
2
=V
x
2
+V
y
2
+V
z
2
l
2
+ m
2
+ n
2
=1
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 23
x
y
z
B(x
B
, y
B
, z
B
)
A(x
A
, y
A
, z
A
)
V
V=
(x
B
-x
A
)
i
+
(y
B
-y
A
)
j
+
(z
B
-z
A
)
k
n
V
V
n =
Unit vector along AB
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 24
Rectangular Coordinates in Space
u
y
|
B
A
C
O
F
F
y
F
h
y
x
z
|
B
C
O
F
x
F
y
y
x
z
F
h
F
z
F
y
=F cosu
y
F
h
=F sinu
y
F
x
= F
h
cos| = F sinu
y
cos|

F
z
= F
h
sin| = F sinu
y
sin|

E
D
F
2
= F
y
2
+ F
h
2
F
h
2
= F
x
2
+ F
z
2
2 2 2
z y x
F F F F + + =
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 25
Problems
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 26
Problem 1-(Meriam and Kraige)
A
4
3
F=1800 N
x
y
z
The 1800 N force F is applied at the end of the
I-beam. Express F as a vector using the unit
vectors i and j.
First lets find the x and y components of the force F.
F
x
= -1800 N 3/5 = -1080 N
F
y
= -1800 N 4/5 = -1440 N
F = F
x
i+ F
y
j = -1080 i -1440 j N
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 27
The ratio of the lift force L to the drag force D
for the simple airfoil is L/D = 10. If the lift
force on a short section of the airfoil is 50 N,
compute the magnitude of the resultant force
R and the angle u which it makes with the
horizontal.
C
D=5 N
L
=

5
0

N

Air flow
D
L
C
u
tan u = 50/5
u = tan
-1
10 =84.3
o
F = (50
2
+5
2
)
0.50
= 50.2 N
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 28
The gusset plate is subjected to the two forces
shown. Replace them by two equivalent force, F
x
in
the x-direction and F
a
in the a direction. Determine
the magnitudes of F
x
and F
a
.
y
x
900 N
800 N
10
o
45
o
25
o
A
a
A
800 N
900 N
R
10
o
25
o
10
o
65
o
From the law of cosines
R
2
=800
2
+900
2
-2(800)(900) cos75
R=1040 N
o
From the law of sines
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
= =

7 . 56
1040
75 sin 900
sin
75 sin 900
sin
sin
900
75 sin
1 1
R
R
o
o
66.7
o
45
o
45
o
113.3
o
A F
x

F
a
21.7
o
1040 N
N F
F
x
x
544
7 . 21 sin 45 sin
1040
=
N F
F
a
a
1351
3 . 113 sin 45 sin
1040
=

16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 29
B
A
C
50 m
40 m
4
0

m

The guy cables AB and AC are
attached to the top of the
transmission tower. The tension in
cable AC is 8 kN. Determine the
required tension T in cable AB
such that the net effect of the two
cable tensions is a downward
force at point A. Determine the
magnitude R of this downward
force
R
8 kN
This time lets use another approach. Since the
resultant force is downward the sum of
horizontal components of the two forces should
add up to zero.
N T T
AB AB
68 . 5 0
1 . 72
40
8
64
50
= = +
The magnitude of R
N R 21 . 10
1 . 72
60
8
64
40
68 . 5 = =
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 30
Problem 5-(Beer and Johnston)
Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as
shown. Determine the tension in AC and BC.
1600 kg
500 mm
1375 mm
1
2
0
0

m
m

A
C
B
Lets draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) at C
C
W=1600*9.81=15700N
y
x
T
BC
T
AC
Writing Equilibrium Equations
EF
x
=0
EF
y
=0

0
1825
1375
1300
500
= +
CB AC
T T
0 15700
1825
1200
1300
1200
= +
CB AC
T T
T
AC
=12470 N
T
CB
=6370 N
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 31
A precast-concrete wall section is temporarily held by
the cables shown. Knowing that tension is 4200 N in
cable AB and 6000 N in cable AC, determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant of the forces
exerted by cables AB and AC on stake A.
D
A
B
C
5.5 m
8 m
4 m
x
y
z
Coordinates of points A, B and C
A (8, -4, -5.5) B (0, 0, 0) C (0, 0, -13.5)
AB=(0-8) i + (0-(-4)) j + (0-(-5.5)) k = -8 i + 4 j + 5.5 k
( ) ( ) 50 . 10 5 . 5 4 8
2 2
2
= + + = AB
k j i
k j i
n
AB
524 . 0 381 . 0 762 . 0
50 . 10
5 . 5 4 8
+ + =
+ +
=
( )N k j i F
AB
524 . 0 381 . 0 762 . 0 4200 + + =
AC=(0-8) i + (0-(-4)) j + (-13.5-(-5.5)) k = -8 i + 4 j - 8 k
( ) ( ) ( ) 00 . 12 8 4 8
2
2
2
= + + = AC
k j i
k j i
n
AC
667 . 0 333 . 0 667 . 0
00 . 12
8 4 8
+ =
+
=
( ) N k j i F
AC
667 . 0 333 . 0 667 . 0 6000 + =
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 32
A precast-concrete wall section is temporarily held by
the cables shown. Knowing that tension is 4200 N in
cable AB and 6000 N in cable AC, determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant of the forces
exerted by cables AB and AC on stake A.
D
A
B
C
5.5 m
8 m
4 m
x
y
z
( )N k j i F
AB
524 . 0 381 . 0 762 . 0 4200 + + =
( ) N k j i F
AC
667 . 0 333 . 0 667 . 0 6000 + =
R = F
AB
+ F
AC
R =(-3200-4002) i +(1600+1998) j + (2201-4002) k = -7200 i + 3600 j - 1800 k

x
y
z
R = 8250 N
Direction cosines
l = 0.873 m = 0.436
n = 0.218
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 33
A crate is supported by
three cables as shown.
Determine the weight W
of the crate knowing that
the tension in cable AB is
4620 N.
y
x
z
B
A
O
C
D
700 mm
600 mm
1125
mm
650 mm
450 mm
Coordinates of points A, B, C and D
A (0, -1125, 0)
Lets draw FBD first
W
F
AB
F
AC
F
AD
Unknowns : F
AD
, F
AC
and W
B (700, 0, 0) C (0, 0, -600) D (-650, 0,450)
AB=((700-0)i+(0-(-1125))j+0k=700i+1125j+0k
AB=(700
2
+1125
2
)
0.5
=1325
n
AB
=(700i+1125j+0k)/1325=0.5283i+0.8491j
F
AB
=4620(0.5283i+0.8491j) N
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 34
y
x
z
B
A
O
C
D
700 mm
600 mm
1125
mm
650 mm
450 mm
Coordinates of points A, B, C and D
A (0, -1125, 0) B (700, 0, 0) C (0, 0, -600) D (-650, 0,450)
AC=(0i+(0-(-1125))j+(-600-0)k=0i+1125j-600k
AC=(600
2
+1125
2
)
0.5
=1275
n
AC
=(0i+1125j-600k)/1275=0.8824j-0.4706k
F
AC
=F
AC
(0.8824j-0.4706k) N
AD=((-650-0)i+(0-(-1125))j+(450-0)k=-650i+1125j+450k
AD=(650
2
+1125
2
+450
2
)
0.5
=1375
n
AD
=(-650i+1125j+450k)/1375= -0.4727i+0.8182j+0.3273k
F
AD
=F
AD
(-0.4727i+0.8182j+0.3273k) N
W=-W j
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 35
y
x
z
B
A
O
C
D
700 mm
600 mm
1125
mm
650 mm
450 mm
F
AB
+F
AC
+F
AD
+W=0
4620(0.5283i+0.8491j) +F
AC
(0.8824j-0.4706k)+F
AD
(-0.4727i+0.8182j+0.3273k)-W j=0
2441-0.4727F
AD
=0 F
AD
= 5160 N
-0.4706 F
AC
+0.3273*5160=0
F
AC
= 3590 N
3922+3170+4225-W = 0
W= 11320 N
16.01.2014
Dr. Engin Akta 36
A 16 kg triangular plate is
supported by three wires
as shown. Determine the
tension in each wire .
y
x
z
600 mm
200 mm
400 mm
200 mm
200 mm
D
B
C
A

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

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